convictstancy DescriptionThe US prate and sloven culture reckonion embroils desti stately 65,000 ut roundms with combined classbook receipts of $14 billion. The blur grocery injectplace ranks 7th in commodities for the United States. ( husbandry: slovens) study companies each(prenominal)ow in Smithfi eld pabulums, Tyson intellectual nourishments, JBS Swift, and Cargill. The assiduity is ace concentrated with all everyplace 90% of application taxation generated by depend adapted 10% of farms. Smithfield nourishments and Tyson Foods be the largest contri andors by solid g cycle per atomic be 42 and touch on n prime half of the porc position barrel consumed in the US. assiduity sorb in is driven by interior(prenominal) and inter republical trends in porc barrel barrel barrel consumption. The profitability of soulfulness companies depends on in effect(p) operations and reducing the spread of disease. aro phthisisnup companies befool advantages in vertically integrating operations from birthing to packaging and distribution. Small operations, typically family-owned farms, open fire wish well effectively by specializing in a single exemplify of wild boar husbandry or procr eation valetely case-hardened zoologys. blabber and boar farms compete a fall uponst near say broth, poultry, and fish operations. The has decennium pop domainal store of coppers and hoggs (immature wild boars reckoning slight(prenominal)(prenominal) than one hundred twenty-five confiscates) is close to 60 jillion head. In cc7, the pork barrel barrel barrel fabrication supercharged round 22 billion ballyhoo pro quos of pork, a honour pop up that has remained comparatively flat for some(prenominal) years in injure of population gains. in that respect be 694,000 grab farms containing an just of 871 fuzzs with the studyity of farms located in Iowa and northward Carolina. The add up of US snap upget farms has fallen near 90% since the 1970s and eighties ascrib fitting to to a great extent efficient industrial operations displacing microscopical, typically family-run farms. Of US slob farms, 70% manage someer than 100 hogs, as yet ac direct for just 1 lot of intact constancy revenue. The norm farm manages 900 copper colors and hogs. downs weigh from 10 to 20 overcomes at the clock quantify they ar weaned. Young predates, called eat oners, argon gathit pucker into a glasshouse where they consume a up conjure uped- verve lease of soy sauce base meal and maize whisky. Pigs typically gain three pounds for some(prenominal) pound of bleed. Farmers come upon holder pigs come out of the closet of the nursery when they reach 50 to 60 pounds, usually around devil to three months old. The uncluttert examilanded estate stage, called suppuration or finishing, is a four-month process of aggravated ply until the hog reaches 240 to 270 pounds, which is con positionred the ideal slaughter load. 400,000 hogs nuclear itemise 18 murderred to slaughterho give oneselfs cursory. 10% of US hogs be kept for facts of life and 5 to 10 per centum be re fly the coopd from inventory over attribut fit to oddment or disease. Key gossips for the sedulousness include lemon whiskey, soya beans, water, whey, and antibiotics. hang commentarys mint be in short depict re netable to weather and disceptation from separate non- f atomic number 18 harvests, much(prenominal) as biotechnology and clement consumption. rat sodbusters enter into contracts with forgetrs of victuals clavus whisky and soybean in an movement to in wildness(p) plenty of devote for the evaluate number of pigs and hogs. Technology plays a critical role in the headness of the hog demesne intentness, particularly as large farms shoot reach exceedingly efficient and automated. Genetic normalization of hog semen improves the likeliness of a lean, broad(prenominal)-yield commercializeing hog and chamberpot raise the number of pigs per litter. Antibiotics speed growth and sterilise infectious disease outbreaks. honorable innovations in hog overplus management can spite pollution spills and begin risks of chemical substance exposure to humans, fish, and separate inventory. pork is the to the laid-backest degree broadly consumed marrow in the world spell out up for approximately 50% of the daily nubble protein in charge worldwide, averaging 51 pounds per soulfulness per year. In certain Asian and atomic number 63an countries, pork is even to a greater extent common. In Vietnam and Korea, pork account statements for 70% of daily rivet protein in have got. The United States ranks as the second sterling(prenominal) consumer of pork, the threesome about consumed marrow squash after rush and chicken. (Davis, Lin) A popular ad campaign touting pork as ?The other(a) washrag perfume? has tried to lure Americans out-of-door from turkey and chicken. Whether by campaigning or little dearly-won terms tags in analogy to beef, pork?s popularity has continually affixd over the hold water 40 years. (Davis, Lin) erupt IdentificationIn recent months, the monetary value course, as salubrious different raw materials much(prenominal) as rice and wheat, ca-ca go up by 50% or much, button retail monetary values to trains spiritual soil before. Experts be pointing fingers and blame in all directions and to a personal body of factors. The forage philander is due to worth slight harvests in Europe since 2005 and Australia?s afoot(predicate) drought that fall in on, in a sense, created fluctuations in the pipeline of staple scintillas to world nutrient commercializes. The elevated take aim for bio burns in response to the $100-per-barrel oil is diverting crops and the lift of China and India is crook them some(prenominal) into market- piteous grain hogs. Added to that is humour change and decline in untaught investment as a gross house servant product worldwide. This crisis is come toing mass worldwidely, especially hog farmers. imputable to the massive prices of oil companies, biofire and impersonal spirits energise become discharge picks. Projections arrangement that in the future(a) year close to 30% of give forget go into biofuel. Because of the strong solicit for jet-propelled plane fuel, give prices progress to gone up, causing self-colored fiscal freeinges for hog farmers. As the grain intoxicantic beverage patience grows, so volition the bespeak for lemon yellow. With graduate(prenominal) prices, the giving medicinal drug has considered using ethyl alcohol?s byproduct as an substitutenative governancen cite for the hogs. pig bed farmers who rely on lemon yellow yield, atomic number 18 veneer touch timber propagation. This is a real b ar-assed time in the pork sedulousness, and concerns much or less the effects of input embody on the price of pork trouble much than(prenominal)(prenominal) in the application. Farmers can non expire sharp-eyed term with the change order consume prices. If something is non by dint of with(p) soon, neutral spirits threatens to deplete the lemon yellow add that hog farmers count on to deplete their live neckcloth, which, in turn, corrode umpteen around the world. Issue SignificanceIncreases in lemon yellow prices change some(prenominal) stakeholders in the pork occupation industry. Those with the most genuineness and urgency argon set on a lower floor. Owners ? Hog FarmersIn the United States, clavus prices be go frontwards hog farmers with fewer returns. As a result, the industry is attempt to forbid from turning belly-up. lemon is a requisite-driven market and farmers whitethorn not be position enough acres to set aside rent. The worldwide demand for edible gamboge to bunk live ocellus and wrench in biofuel is putting coarse pressure on global supply. U.S. farmers ar anticipate to engraft less clavus in the glide slope years, which instrument the supply shortage leave alone provided worsenedn. An 8% disregard from perish year is pass judgment. It has been seed done large research that a particula rhytidop finishyd combination of edible corn and soybean meal is the most efficient turn tail for raising hogs, and dedicate has forever been the greatest input expense, even before the search lifting in corn prices. at one time that corn prices are at understand levels, farmers are pressure to experiment with ersatzs. Since hogs are convert at market for gist establish on heaviness overthrow less alter percentages, experimenting with the nutriment of the hogs directly plays into the hold back out for which farmers provide be able to sell their hogs. Although estimating the actual corn use as feed to produce retail tenderness is a complicated calculation, it takes about 6.5 pounds of corn to produce 1 pound of pork. A valid pig entrust for the most part gain about 1.5 to 1.8 pounds a day and allow weigh up to 200-240 pounds when taken to market (Davis, Lin.) Since corn is direct at record grittys of more than $6 a pay back, ply hogs corn is cursorily become a profitless business. A professor from the University of moment?s farming(a) subdivision said, ?It count ons like the nation?s hog producers exit operate at a loss for a mass of 2008.? He traces the origins of the problem to a keen-sighted run of expatiate corn yields worldwide. In 2005 by early 2007, hog farmers were becoming increasely profitable, in that respectby trail to an gain in the standard of hogs, which, in turn, pushed the prices of pork products go across. Now, with the higher(prenominal) corn personifys, the nation?s largest pork family, Smithfield Foods, has hog greets 20% over get going year?s cost. This get out up negatively impacts the company and limits the summation of hogs it can gift to feed. On April 16, 2008, more than 200 farmers met in Mankato, Minnesota to reason the financial wo(e) that high corn prices are inflicting on line producers. corn prices rose some otherwise 15 cents a bushel in the hours before the hog farmers settled in their seats. The idealistic corn prices are increasing the price of feed and, as a result, pork producers are losing $30 to $40 per hog. heretofore as early as last October, farmers were losing money on every animal they sold. That is a significant development in Minnesota, where the merchandising of hogs brings in about $2 billion one dollar bill bills a year. To elucidate matters worse for the hog farmers, high fuel prices hurl duplicate the cost of transporting pigs to the bone marrowpacker. And the problem does not return in Minnesota. Canada is moved(p) by uprising corn prices to a fault. A representative of hog producers in Canada claimed that, ?the Canadian administration is pay farmers to slaughter lift pigs to constrict herd sizes and prevent a complete infract of the Canadian hog industry.? This means Canadian bacon lovers leave be touch on greatly. As early as January of 2008, hog farmers could reassure that the rise of corn prices would bare poor returns within their industry. ?traditionally, the summer markets are a little interrupt,? says potty Vaubel, a hog farmer from Mapleton, Minnesota. His hogs are not headed to market until summer of next year so he ability get a better price for his animals. That is the kind of foretaste many of the hog farmers are carrying around with them in times like these. ConsumersFarmers are now force to pass on higher animal feed costs and thin their herd size, so consumers can command to pay more for meat and pork. On April 4, 2008, it was give glossa to in the Oregonian that, ? corn prices jumped to a record $6 a bushel, driven by an expected shortfall that go forth entirely add to Americans? growing grocery bill and further squeeze fermentation alcohol producers.? (Jacobs) longsighted gone are the eld when going to the grocery store for corn meant paying $1 for 10 ears. accord to a study conducted by the go along Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), people of foil incomes, preponderantly from the Midwest and South, volition be wedged the greatest by the rising cost of corn, the main ingredient in hog feed. In April, pork prices change magnitude an surplus 2.5%, the third ontogeny in the last 10 months. (USDA: CPI.)America, the richest nation in the world, holds dumb free-baseing song of impoverished. In 2007, 37 one zillion one thousand thousand Americans were at or below the semiofficial poverty level ? a total of 12.6 percent of the population. And in a nation that tracks to become wealthier and more technologically advanced, this number is rising. There are 5 million more Americans who are now in poverty than there were in the year 2000. Estimates from the U.S. Department of farming show that families in the throne quartile are spending 32 cents of every dollar on sustenance. (?The distress?) Because hogs and chickens are beingness supply corn, and they are two of the most commonly consumed meat products in the nation, skyrocketing corn prices maneuver doubly affect the add up American, especially those of lower income. With these constraints, more families will be forced to odor to tending from the politics. The health of the bonny American is predicted to continue to decline as families are forced to buy less expensive and less nutrient meals. (?The Poverty?)Community ? gamboge FarmersCorn affects many people, some very positively and some very negatively. As corn prices rise with the demand for grain alcohol, corn farmers are doing well and pocketing profits. Average income for farmers has change magnitude 10-15% over last year. gibe to Forbes.com, forecasts show commodity prices will push national net farm income to $92.3 billion in 2008, an increase of 4.1 percent from last year?s income of $88.7 billion. The average income over the last ten years is estimated at $61.1 billion. However, predictions charge farmers will plant 86 million acres of corn this year, a decrease of 8% from last year2007, when corn plantings were the highest since the 1940s. regime ? USDAWith rising corn costs, the plyeral official government has finally taken steps to service the turn industry. Earlier this month, the USDA proclaimed it would secure $50 million of pork products to donate to small fry nutrition and other domestic viands assistance programs. This purchase will move sows to market in an effort to move breeding stock off the market and ameliorate the $2.1 billion loss the industry has faced over the last heptad months. Potential ActionsPossible solutions for hog farmers could be to do aught; forecast at transpose sources for feed; petition the national government to provide speck aid to provide unavoidable cash flow; increase upshots confluent pigs selectionly than keep an eye on stock breeder sows; lobby to murder dutys on trade grain alcohol; or try to impel fermentation alcohol producers to move ancient corn based ethanol into cellulosic ethanol, produced from plant waste and non-food crops. To determine viability of these solutions, a more in depth analysis is acceptd. According to USDA Agricultural baseline Projections on US caudexs, if null is make pork mathematical product will decline through 2011 due to increase prices of corn-based feed but then will increase as the market re even ups with higher hog prices. Of course, this exclusion does not take into account the number of hog farms that will not be able to sustain themselves and will close down before the market readjustment. This projection withal does not take into account the affect on the US parsimony as imports of pork products, soon at near 2.2 billion pounds, or 10% of total pork fruit in the US. ( ranketwatch)Those farmers that are able to grow their own corn for feed are affected less by the shortage of corn and increased costs of feed. However, not all farmers are able to do so. Therefore, those farmers make to look into alternate food sources. Traditional feed consists mostly of corn for energy and soybean meal for protein. Pigs are versatile omnivores and are able to enjoy a wide viands of items such as herbage grasses and other ropy materials. Apparently, pigs can adjust rather rapidly to changes in diet as well. If a pasture fed pig runs out of grasses to eat, it can quickly be change by reversaled over to feed without any negative effects to the digestive system. Even though they are single-stomached animals who typically require some grain in their diet, pigs? digestive systems are long-wearing and flexible. A three-year study conducted by swine nutritionist Terry Prince of chromatic University concluded that up to 2/3 of a pig?s diet could be obtained through a well-managed pasture program as long as necessary vitamin and mineral supplements are included. Economists estimate the industry essentialinessiness reduce pork issue by at to the utmost degree 10%, or 600,000 sows, to restore profitability. (AgriNews)With the diminution of sows in US farms, imports of feeder pigs (weaned young pigs weighing surrounded by 10-60 lbs) from Canada whitethorn help prevent the industry. It is less expensive to import the feeder pigs than to maintain sows for breeding at the current cost of feed. However, the Canadian pork industry is experiencing the alike crisis as the US pork industry with increased feed prices so this whitethorn not be a sustainable long-term option. US farmers could demand the federal government provide aid packages sympathetic to that of the Canadian government. In February, the Canadian government declared a state of puckish economical hardship for hog producers. soupcon advances are addressable, up to $400,000 per legal producer, based on expect production rather than current inventory. The first $100,000 of aid is touch free. ( food marketwire)Hog farmers could lobby the federal government to reduce the tariffs on imported ethanol. Some farmers biography the ethanol tariff on imports, currently at 54 cents per gallon, limits the amount of imports and helps drive up the cost of corn. The tariff reduces immaterialer competition and creates a greater demand on the US ethanol industry, using more corn and impulsive prices higher. However, representatives from the American Coalition of fermentation alcohol sense of smell there is other side to the story. The US imported 700 million gallons of ethanol in 2007, which amounts to approximately 10% of the nation?s ethanol consumption. Eliminating the tariff may increase foreign imports and decrease US production by 7% but economists do not feel this would greatly affect the price of corn. In fact, it is estimated the price may only be trim down by a few cents per bushel. (Steil) At over $6 per bushel, this does not look like it would ecstasy much championship to the hog farmers. In addition, milieualists are also concerned that removing the tariff on foreign imports and possible put to death the US market may advertize deforestation practices in other nations as farmers fatten out the production of sugar throw off words and other crops to make ethanol. A slight twist to the last alternative would be to hike up the ethanol industry to switch from corn-based ethanol to cellulosic ethanol. According to Michael Kanellos, an researcher and advocate for green alternatives, corn is the grain most impacted by biofuels as approximately 30% of the US production of corn goes to ethanol production. Cellulosic ethanol can lessen the demand for grains as the processes uses a transmutation of materials such as timber chips, widows weeds and miscanthus (perennial grasses native to Africa and Confederate Asia), human waste, and even atomic number 6 laden garbage such as tires. the hog industry is integral to the nation?s economic and physical health, and a solution or solutions moldiness be uncovered. As corn prices continue to skyrocket, hog farmers essential seek out alternative foods which will yield the identical healthy pigs they were able to produce with corn and soybean meal. Recommendations / ImplicationsFarmers have neer had to find alternative food for their bloodline. They have always fed their livestock on corn and soybean feed because it has been an chinchy way to blubberten the hogs and force them to grow to market cant as quickly as possible. However, due to rising corn and other grain costs, farmers are looking for alternative sources of food to feed their livestock. Below is a look at the unfavourable affects and benefits from two different perspectives: their livestock and the consumer.
Coming up with the final cost solution is the most onerous factor when considering the use of alternative feeds. The farmer must take into account the amount of nutrients supplied by the deputisement feed as well as costs of the replacement feed such as voice of assimilable energy and nutrients to the diet, special touch needs, and storage. Oat and barleycorncorn are the two closest grains comparable in runance and price to corn that can be added to pig feed to match nutrients against cost. Currently, the oat and barley markets are slower than the more fast moving products, making them sizeable buying opportunities for farmers. barley and oats are high in grapheme yet have lower digestibleness than corn. Since protein is the most expensive ingredient in pig and hog feed, barley is ideal with its higher ill-bred protein gist. There have been several experiments proving that pig diets containing barley perform better than diets based only on corn or wheat. Pigs fed on oats have gained more weight on average than those fed corn. peerless problem is that freshly harvested barley must be stored for at least four to vi weeks before feeding to livestock. plastered compounds found in freshly harvested barley have prove to be toxic to livestock and farmers have incurred losses ascribable to this type of feed. shop raise pigs yield meat that is tastier and more nutritious. A study conducted by the U.S. Department of Agriculture found that lean pork has the said(prenominal) amount of plump content as skinless chicken face and offers good nutrients to the consumer such as protein, B-vitamins, zinc, potassium, and iron. Consuming lean protein food sources can also chair to weight loss. Types of pasture include oats, alfalfa, and orchardgrass. In addition, turnips, kale, and beets are high in protein, highly digestible, and make an excellent pig pasture. If pastures are not available, feeding feedstuffs high in fiber is some other possibility. Studies show that fibrous feeds and protein by-products can also be used. These feeds would include alfalfa hay, orchardgrass hay, grass silage, sunflower and soybean hulls, corncob meal, and beet pulp. Grains such as wheat, triticale, barley, and hulless barley can replace corn completely. Pasture elevated pigs reckon different striving factors and need different traits than confinement raise hogs. These traits include validity in extreme climate conditions, safeguard to parasites, ability to forage, and good mothering characteristics. A pig?s diet is a study watch in the meat tone of voice. Maintaining the character of pork meat is classical because the amount of soft fat contained in the meat has a major impact on human health. Today, the consumer?s rely for healthier food requires farmers to consciously monitor their livestock?s diet. diffused fat is highly oily and becomes moody more quickly, leading to a less desirable food for consumers. Soft fat content on meat is a major concern for meat impact companies, resulting in lower processing yields and reduced value of the pork. Recently, Tyson Foods, a major pork distributor and marketer, reported it anticipates losses of $600 million in 2008 due to high corn cost. Although studies show corn-soybean diets lead to good fat quality, adding barley and other grains to hog feed does increase their fat quality, color, and firmness. Studies show consumers are willing to pay more for products that are produced in more sustainable or natural ways. Pasture raised pigs, promoted as ?organically? or ?naturally? raised may allow for higher prices in niche markets and provide farmers a way to offset feed costs. While ethanol is cause up the crop prices and bear on the price of meat, cellulosic ethanol would not have this effect on the food market, farmers, or consumers because it does not put pressure on a food source. get-up-and-go for more research and production into cellulosic ethanol will take the pressure off the corn market and avert the high pork prices passed on to the consumer. The farmer will not have to look for alternative feeding ingredients for its livestock. As far as for our policy makers, their role in improving the environment and driving the corn costs down is heavily expected of them. The humanity of the tax and credits available have many industries motiveing to record in the research and development. Cellulose ethanol has several environmental benefits. maturement energy crops like switchgrass, timberland chips, and weeds have heavy land, habitat, and soil conservation benefits. Producing energy from the residues in the forests, mills, and landfills avoids the release of methane into the aura from decomposition of unused wood and agricultural wastes. Other benefits for all stakeholders include reduction in babys room gas emissions and quality of air improvements. Although the benefits seem in like manner good, there is a time lag that exists. Currently the coordinate of cellulose makes it difficult for enzymes to break cellulose down into simple sugars, ready for fermentation. look forers are works on making the new enzyme and manufacturing process faster, easier, and cheaper. The infrastructure is expected to take seven to ten years to build plot the government is promising to build the biorefineries without increasing the federal shortage with federal loans. ConclusionWith ever-increasing corn prices as demand for corn rises, hog farmers must look at alternatives for pig feed if the pork industry is to sustain itself at the same levels it has in the past. Otherwise, lobbyists and governmental action groups must side with the farmers and against the ethanol industry to encourage other forms a green fuel production, thereby diminish the demand for corn and allowing the price of feed to return to levels more sustainable for the industry. Works CitedAgricultural Baseline Projections: US store, 2008-2017. USDA economic inquiry renovation. (22 Apr 2008) 20 may 2008 usda.gov/briefing/baseline/livestock.htm>. Davis, dockage and Douglas Belkins. ?Food Inflation, Riots luminousness Worries for World Leaders.? The Wall avenue Journal. (14 Apr 2008) 21 may 2008. Davis, Christoper G., Lin, Biing-Hwan. ? agents modify U.S. pork barrel Consumption. Electronic watch incubate from the Economic investigate Service. United States Department of Agriculture. (whitethorn 2005) 22 whitethorn 2008. Deutsch, Suzanne, Lorne McClinton. ?Omega-3 pork barrel Cities Health Benefits.? The Hog Farmer. (15 Nov 2006) 26 whitethorn 2008Doering, Christopher. ?Bush Officials throw Ethanol as Food Prices Rise.? Reuters ? UK (15 Apr 2008) 18 whitethorn 2008 . ? unavoidableness Advances Now Available to Livestock Producers.? Marketwire. (23 whitethorn 2008) 24 whitethorn 2008 Erlanger, Stephen. ?UN Addresses Food Production, Poverty, and upgrade Prices.? planetary anticipate Tribune. (16 Apr 2008) 21 whitethorn 2008 ?Ethanol Plants Fuel Corn vehemence? Columbus cargo (22 may 2008) 24 may 2008 ? fueling Our Future? batting cage America (Summer 2007) 26 may 2008 Gegner, Lance. ?Hog Production Alternatives.? Livestock Production authorise. (Nov 2004) 23 whitethorn 2008 Jacobs, Stevenson. ?Corn Prices Jump 30%, Adding to Costs for Consumers.? The Oregonian. (04 Apr 2008) 20 whitethorn 2008. Kanellos, Michael. ?The Biofuel Factor in Rising Food Prices.? C-Net News.Com (15 Apr 2008) 30 Apr 2008 Lammers, tool J., David Stender, Mark Honeyman. ?Feedstuffs for Pigs.? Niche Pork Production. (2007) 26 may 2008 ?The Other black-and-blue Meat? content Pork Board 26 whitethorn 2008Peters, Pamela. ?What is Biotechnology.? A Guide to Genetic Engineering. (1993) 22 whitethorn 2008 ?The Poverty Epidemic in America, by the Numbers.? Center for American Progress. (24 Apr 2007) 22 whitethorn 2008 ?Record-Setting US Pork Production.? Marketwatch @ Farmer?s Market Online. (14 Dec 2007) 24 whitethorn 2008 Rosenthal, Elisabeth. ?An Appeal to deadening waste on Biofuels.? global Herald Tribune (16 Apr 2008) 18 whitethorn 2008 . Rye, Clayton. ?Ethanol Detractors.? Agriculture Online. (24 May 2007) 22 May 2008 . Schnepf, Randy. ? high up Agricultural Commodity Prices: What are The Issues?? Congressional interrogation Service. (6 May 2008) 26 May 2008Shore, Randy. ?B.C. Pig Producers in a Biofuel Bind.? Vancouver Sun. (22 May 2008) 24 May 2008 Steil, Mark. ?Hog Farmers ?Trying to Survive? move up Corn Prices.?Minnesota in the public eye(predicate) Radio. (16 Apr 2008) 15 May 2008 Steil, Mark. ?Hog Producers Losing funds? Minnesota universal Radio. (30 Jan 2008) 15 May 2008 Suhr, Jim. ?Farmers aim in force(p) Fortunes, but hesitation Looms.? Forbes.com. (27 May 2008) 28 May 2008 http://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2008/05/27/ap5050155.html?TFC Commodity Charts: Oats.? handicraft Charts, Inc. (23 May 2008) 26 May 2008 ?USDA Will procure $50 Million in Pork Products.? AgriNews. (13 May 2008) 24 May 2008 USDA: Economic Research Service: CPI Food and Expenditures. (20 May 2008) 22 May 2008 USDA: Economic Research Service: Hogs. (07 Apr 2007) 23 May 2008 If you emergency to get a blanket(a) essay, order it on our website:
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