The Occurrence of the Southwest Airlines Scandal Research Paper

The Occurrence of the Southwest Airlines Scandal - Research Paper ExampleSouthwest Airlines Co is an US-based public company headquartered at Dallas, Texas. It was founded in the form 1967 (Yahoo Finance, 2012). Originally it was known as Air Southwest. afterward it was renamed as Southwest Airlines and commenced its business operations in the year 1971. The shares of the company are traded in the saucily York Stock Exchange (NYSE) with the ticker symbol LUV. Southwest Airlines is engaged in the business of providing scheduled transferral for its customers through the air in the United States. It started its business operations with three of the Boeing 737 aircraft which served the three cities in Texas namely, Dallas, San Antonio and Houston. It managed to overdraw its business on a large scale mainly due to its acquisition of AirTran Holdings in the year 2011 and as at December 31, 2011, the company operated a total of 698 aircraft that includes 88 Boeing 7171s and 610 Boeing 737s (Southwest Airlines Co., 2012a). AirTran Airways is now operated as hotshot of the wholly-owned subsidiaries of Southwest Airlines. The company is regarded to be one of the lowest fare domestic airlines in the United States and is affiliated to providing best Customer Services in the airlines industry (Southwest Airlines Co., 2012b). Recently in the year 2008, Southwest Airlines and the federal Aviation Administration (FAA) were accused of presenting false safety reports. The safety reports prepared by Southwest Airlines were meant to surveil with the safety regulations related to inspection of its jet aircraft. This falsification of safety reports by Southwest Airlines was confirmed by the United States House Committee.

That which is accepted as knowledge today is sometimes discarded Essay - 4

That which is recognized as knowledge today is sometimes discarded tomorrow. Consider knowledge issues raised by this program line in two areas of knowledge - Essay ExampleFor instance, as proven by Albert Einstein, it is known that the highest f number that net be possible is the adeptness of light, but it was observed that there is quicker velocity than the quickness of light. It is worth mentioning that whatever a person believes is based upon the authority as it decides what has to be accepted in the society. However, as there is a vary in time accordingly there is a change in knowledge as well.Thesis Statement. Correspondingly, the objective of the essay is to discuss the issues relating to knowledge that have worked up and how the knowledge attained before heap be discarded due to the changes occurred in todays prevailing situation. knowledge issues or problems associated with knowledge are terms which do not have a single definition as this definition might cause confu sion. However, these issues are directly related to grounds the world. These issues are open to exploration and enquiry of strength along with problems relating to knowledge. These issues help in finding extinct how knowledge can be of assistance along with limitations of knowledge in collaboration with the approaches of explanation and stop in different aspects of knowledge. In a broader perspective, knowledge issues include an assortment of aspects which could be approached from the Theory of Knowledge (TOK) viewpoint wherein it allows exploration, discussion and development of the issues. For instance, most frequently raised questions by students, Are the textbooks and questions provided by the teachers recompense? is a knowledge issue when it is framed appropriately in TOK objectives along with aims context (Carroll, Knowledge Issues). Moreover, it can be expected that if the knowledge issue is treated properly then it would certainly deal with aspects that can be interlinke d in different relevant ways. This is the reason because of which the knowledge issue is treated in

Stragegic management of human resources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6500 words

Stragegic management of world resources - Essay ExampleA customised version of Integrated Management Process (IMP) used by SAB to frozen the ball rolling relies on the same set of principles, techniques and practices as the case study demonstrates.Evidently, military operation depends non only on hard and attenuating work of the personnel, but also on such essential characteristics as competence and ability to learn and develop. Despite the visible simplicity, the problem of effective training and development of employees go about by SAB during the attempt to solidify and further reinforce their market positions was exceptionally complex. A failure to properly, effectively and continuously train and educate the human resources in the right aras of the business, at the right time and at the right cost would have inevitably result in serious inefficiencies, considerable operational difficulties and purge collapse of the organisation (Buckle & Caple, 2004).In order to evaluate t he create by mental act enforced by SAB one must be aware of the basic theoretical principles an effective programme must rely upon. An effective SHRD programme should be built around three basic theoretical concepts organizational development change leadership development individual, group and organizational learning (Reid, Barrington & Brown, 2004). Although IMP focuses primarily on business planning, communication and act management processes, the key instalment of the companys transformation was apparently learning since new skills and attitudes were required. In the past, learning cogitate primarily on individuals people worked in large bureaucracies or assembly lines and, consequently, the goal of learning down the stairs such circumstances was training of the skills required for their functioning. However, since approximately three decades ago, the focus of learning in organisations began to intermission from individuals to groups, and, what was even more important, the meaning underlying the constructs learning, training and development transformed dramatically. Scholars started conceiving these constructs as continuous rather than occasional term the purpose and the process of learning were also reformulated and recognised as vital for effective organizational performance (Harrison, 2005). Such continuous perception of learning as the key element of business transformation was in all likelihood the main factor of SABs success heavy investments in learning and development to support change false systematic rather than being occasional. The systematic approach toward training, learning and development of employees emphasises such crucial element of the process as continuity while the earlier perspectives often viewed the process as linear and clear-cut with clearly defined beginning and end (Armstrong, 1996). Systematic approach to organizational development implies clearly credit of what employees should know and how they should act to be effective at a particular job it also ensures that employees are adequately prepared in terms of the necessary knowledge, skills, and attitudes to fulfil their responsibilities (Kenney & Reid, 1994). Such systematic strategy implemented by SAB helped managers and supervisors get

Battle of Algeria Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Battle of Algeria - Essay usageInstead, it brings out the working practices of institutional structures, the aesthetic strategies associated with that as well as related cultural politics. single good example of Third Cinema is The Battle of Algiers, which is a departure from the characteristic Hollywood agency of drama. In its creation of a false sense of documentary, it makes use of simple tools. It has a background of the account styles of the 1960s. The production employs such tools as a flashback narrative structure, grainy black and white stock, handheld camera, birr lens as well as long lenses. The ikon achieved both commercial success as well as an aesthetic success. Its success at the Venice Film Festival surprised many. It received a lot of praises especially in Europe and the United States. The climax of the success, it enjoyed globally was the eleven cinema awards it won between 1966 and 1967. During that time, it also got three Oscar nominations.The Battle of Algier s was a 1965 production of Italian director Gillo Pontecorvo with cooperation from the revolutionary governance of Algeria. The film goes against conventional Hollywood procedures. Shooting in a studio with the use of popular headmaster actors was not a consideration. Instead, it uses a real life set up with only one actor. That take to its classification as a quasi-documentary. The choice of scenes for the film serves Pontecorvos objective. His aim is to give it a down-to-earth touch. The film captures Casbah, a traditionally Muslim part of Algiers, as the scenes are in its marketplaces and narrow streets. dungaree Martin, the only professional actor, plays the role of Colonel Mathieu. The fact that the producer was Italian may have led to the films similarities to Italian Neo-realism.Pontecorvo elects to use simple equipment so as to create a visual nub similar to that of a documentary. The

Compare and analyze two different core reading Thesis

Compare and analyze two different marrow squash reading - Thesis ExampleBut a growing body of scientific evidence suggests that the Net, with its ageless distractions and interruptions, is also turning us into scattered and superficial thinkers. (par.1.Carr (a)).The author claims that the internet has shaped the modern idea abilities and is constantly changing it in a manner that is highly making us more prove level thinkers kinda than instructioned ones. The writer also argues on the point that the use of internet in teaching techniques is making weak holes in the thinking process of the human mind.But that has been accompanied by new weaknesses in higher-order cognitive processes, including abstract vocabulary, mindfulness, reflection, inductive problem solving, critical thinking, and imagination. Were becoming, in a word, shallower. (par.7.Carr (a)).another(prenominal) point that was highlighted in the article by Carr targets the multi-tasking individuals and how the jugglin g of various tasks at a single metre overall impacts the mind making individuals have a short attention span, not to mention distracting thoughts that do it hard but almost not possible to focus on a single task.The concentrated multitaskers performed poorly on all the tests. They were more easily distracted, had less retain over their attention (par.8.Carr (a)). The triad main highlighted points showed authors concern over how the internet not only affected the individuals thinking capabilities but rather destroyed the focus and control over the mind once possessed. Suggesting to return to the previous times, We have to articulate or strengthen the neural links needed to counter our instinctive distractedness, thereby gaining greater control over our attention and our mind. (par.15.Carr (a)), where reading books enhanced the mental attention span but also gave the focus to develop the individuals own thinking.Clay Shirky holds

Pit bull (dogs) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Pit misrepresent (dogs) - Essay ExampleResearchers state that dogs argon not born aggressive or their aggression is not dependant on the breed they belong to. A study was conducted by Casey and fellow researchers who identified that dogs did not show aggression towards the family members of their keepers until the dogs were directed to do so or were trained to act aggressive against family members (Casey 60).Another reason due to which Pit misrepresent female genital organ be kept as friends is that they atomic number 18 very near and loyal to their owners and are highly social. They making love making friends and are easier to train and can be kept throughout the life. ASPCA states that if a pit bull goes through proper social training then they make the most intelligent as vigorous as nonaggressive pet dogs (Owens 24).A third reason for keeping pit bull dogs as pets is that these dogs are highly loyal to their family members and are one of the best protectors. These dogs have the ability to bark rightfully loud and due this they are able to keep strangers and trespassers away from entering the house of their owners.Pit bull dogs should be kept as pets because they are harmless and it is myth that because they belong to the bread of aggressive dogs they are aggressive in nature since birth. Pit bull dogs should even be kept as pets because they are very social if they are provided with proper social training and they do not harm family members quite are very effective in scaring away strangers and trespassers.Casey, R.A, B Loftus, C Bolster, G.J Richards, and E.J Blackwell. Human Directed aggressiveness in Domestic Dogs (canis Familiaris) Occurrence in Different Contexts and Risk Factors. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 152 (2014) 52-63.

Targeting Consumers Based on Age in Tourism and Hospitality Essay

Targeting Consumers Based on Age in Tourism and Hospitality - Essay ExampleThere are also companionable impacts of tourism. These factors include condition of the local and regional economy, level of victimisation of the tourism destination and the level of alliance of the local community (Fredline et al., 2006, p.2). In these contexts business organisations involved in the tourism and hospitality business puree to put greater emphasis on social and cultural factors in affecting tourism. Demographic compose and changes in demographic structure of the country under consid eration is an important aspect in this date where diametrical age groups are targeted for the development of the tourism business (Fredline et al., 2006, p.vi, 27). This paper is aimed at providing the critical depth psychology of is it time to ditch demographic profiling, or is it more important than ever in the digital era? Demographic profiling and tourism and hospitality Large number of tourer places is p resent in the world. These holidaymaker places are providing different types of products and services to the visitors to attract them. These divergences give tourists large variety in their choice of tourist places in the world. ... Therefore, in the markets for tourism and hospitality motivation of tourists is very important for the purpose of identifying the markets and also for the development of the business perspectives. There are various studies conducted on these concepts which are emphasised as beat back and disembowel factors. The Push factors are answerable for taking potential tourists away from their home. On the contrary, Pull factors are responsible for attracting these tourists to the tourist destinations. In this context, various other factors, such as beaches and accommodation, historical as well as cultural resources of different tourist places also play significant roles in the development of the tourism and hospitality business. These factors again affect the motivation of the tourists to travel in different places in the world. Various factors have been identifies by researchers in the context of increasing the motivation of the tourists to visit different places all across the globe. These factors have greatly been used or applied by the business organisations which are involved in the tourism business. Among the Push factors there are various internal factors which include desire for rest or relaxation, desire for qualification adventurous trips, escapes and health etc. These factors are said to affect the motivation of the people to conduct tours to different tourist places (Jonsson and Devonish, 2008, pp.399-400). Socio-demographic factors affect the attitude of the residents of a place towards tourism marketing (Kwon, 2008, pp.70-71). For example, changes in the demographic indite of the backpackers are affecting the demand for these in New Zealand (Richards and Wilson, 2004). In different tourist palace of brazil-nut tree also these

Balanced Whole System Parenting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Balanced Whole System Parenting - Essay ExampleThis essay investigates the two sides of the argument concerning banning of Red dishonor 40 in order to conclude on best scientifically acceptable option. Support for those in favour of banning Red 40 is base on an association of the food colouring with symptoms such as hypersensitivity in sections of the population. It is noted that Red 40 should be banned because of its side effects that include swelling around the mouth and causing store for those who consume food dyed by the additive. The negative effects of Red 40 have as well as been experienced in children who have experienced extreme emotional reactions such as hyperactivity after outlay of the dyed food. The reaction is experienced a few hours after taking food with the affected children demonstrating ruddy disposition or lose self-control (Borg, 2012). Yu and Scherer (2007) support this argument noting elimination of the Red dye 40 from food has been found to reduce the levels of hyperactivity, impulsivity, compulsive behaviour and emotional difficulties. Additionally, some of the consumers buying this food and potable with Red Dye 40 might not be aware of the effects even when in that location are labels indicating presence. Consequently, the most appropriate approach n dealing with the issue is banning Red Dye 40 to stop its sale in food stores. The argument against the banning of Red Dye 40 is based on refutations of some of the grounds used to call for the banning of the food-colouring additive. For instance, removal of Red Dye 40 from food should not be perceived as only means of eliminating hyperactive disorders for implicated children. This is because studies in this area have not been specific when assessing some of the symptoms.

Analyse article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Analyse term - Essay ExampleEvidently, the nutrient cycles have been changed, the biomass has reduced considerably and a lot of carbon dioxide is existence emitted (Passary 1). In the coming years, Passary writes that the impacts on the environment are expected to worsen, especially if nothing is done to stamp out these statistics (1).The plant and animal species have greatly reduced (Passary 1). In line with this thought, it is only fair that manhood put much efforts towards reclaiming the lost lives and even the habitats that would have otherwise been home to animals and humans. Among the major improvements that humans tail assembly adopt is to adopt safer forms of agricultural practices. It is in addition recommended that the urban designers adopt a more efficient approaches such as using the landscape corridors (Passary 1). These approaches will help improve and sustain the existing ecosystems. These approaches will also lead to higher biodiversity.Passary, Anu. Dwindling Forest Habitats Threatening Worlds Ecosystems Says Study. Tech Times, 23 Mar. 2014. Web. 24 Mar. 2015.

Abortion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 10

Abortion - Essay ExampleFor most women, giving birth changes their lives. Women who be working or schooling can find abortion appropriate. Relationships problem and a desire to keep down single motherhood can also make abortion necessary (Finer et. al. Web). Sometimes conditions exist, both natural and mental that endanger the flavor of a pregnant woman, an abortion can be performed to save the life sentence (WebMD Web). Additionally, abortion can help a raped woman to cope with the trauma that ensues. In a case of teenage pregnancy abortion affords the girl a chance to continue living her life normally.On the other hand, there are various reasons to support an argument against abortion. Life is precious pull down for the unborn children, but abortion steals the joy to live. If an abortion the procedure is not safely conducted, the woman risks develop health complications that could lead to death. The guilt associated with terminating pregnancy in some cases, causes women to s uffer post-traumatic stress disorder (Operation have Web).Practise of abortion help sidestep the real issues that women experience. Raped women should be concerned with rape alternatively than opting for an abortion. To conclude, abortion is an issue that requires a cautious

Law of Trade Marks and Brand Names Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Law of Trade Marks and Brand Names - Essay Exampleng (1) it is justifiable based on the premise of customer welfare and informed decision of consumers (2) it is not justifiable since it creates foul competition.Before 1994, a number of English laws have been restricting but never prohibiting comparative advertisement. For instances, chthonian section 4(1) (b) of the Trade Marks identification number 1938, it is considered an infringement of mark if a third party uses the trademark of another in its advertising regardless of the nature of such advertisement. However, this all changed when Trade Marks Act (TMA) 1994 was enacted, English law then took a firm stand on comparative advertising. Following the comestible of s 10(6) of the TMA, comparative advertising is now permitted. Section 10(6) of the TMA has been interpreted as to allow comparative advertising as long as the use of the competitors mark is honest.2 In the spoken language of Laddie J is the movement of Barclays Ba nk v RBS Advanta (1996) 3, there is nothing wrong with telling the public of the relative merits of competition goods and services and using registered trademarks to identify them.In most cases brought before the Courts, the question has been on the issue of justifiability of unfavourable comparisons employed by competitors. Would unfavourable comparisons be a kind of breach to the benchmarks of candor as indicated in Section 10(6) will result to infringement of trademarks? If the use is considered honest by members of a reasonable audience, it will not infringe.4 In the Courts decision in the case of British Airways Plc V Ryaniar Limited, Jacob J said that people are already very much receptive to advertising and already know better that believe everything that is being said in advertisements. They expect overstatement and puff.5 The fact that the advertising pokes fun6 at the competitors goods and services with great focus on the benefits offered by the advertiser is not enou gh to warrant infringement as this considered normal

Evidence Based Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

tell apart Based - Research Proposal ExampleThe researchers used a qualitative research anatomy with the proper(postnominal) use of Phenomenology. This was motivated by the fact that Phenomenology provided the best opportunity for the researchers to get the real picture of how individualist participants view the concept of spirituality. The researchers also use the van Manens method in collecting info for the research study. A total of 11 participants were used for the research study with women dominating the numbers. There were 7 women bit the remaining 4 were men. The participants were between the ages of 30 years and 71 years and were all whites. Furthermore, they were all amend with a minimum of a high school qualification (Creel & Tillman, 2008). Each of the participants was subjected to an interview and their views recoded and transcribed in a tape. Thereafter, the lead researcher listened to the interviews and made a phenomenological reflection to grasp each participan ts reflection of the meaning of spirituality. After a thorough analysis of the interviews, it was reported that there were five themes associate to the concept of spirituality among individuals suffering from chronic illness. ... The findings are specifically relevant in the body of companionship related to the spirituality of patients suffering from chronic illness. Furthermore, the researchers fill used a reliable research design that ensures highly accurate responses from participants. Therefore, the findings of the research study are reliable. On the other hand, the article has a major weakness of using a narrow selection of participants. All the participants used were whites and this may have impact the accuracy of the results of the study. This also covers the inclusion of people that have sacred affiliations in the research study. The study should have used participants from different cultures as well as those that do not have a religious affiliation. Examining the Impa ct of Socioeconomic Status and Socioecologic Stress on Physical and Mental Health Quality of manners Among Breast Cancer Survivors by Kimlin T. Ashing-Giwa, PhD, and Jung-won Lim, PhD OVERVIEW OF ARTICLE The article discusses a research on a clinical trial aimed at testing the efficacy of brief intervention in reducing the use of inebriant and its related harms in the context of postpartum women. The research design conglomerate the use of quantitative data from a random trial in a clinical setting that was conducted between 2002 and 2005. The research procedures involved the use of health screening written report that was conducted the participants 6-week postpartum visit. Some of the items contained in the survey include the level of drinking and period of time. Eligible participants were asked to participate in a baseline assessment interview that involved questions related to the use of alcohol and tobacco among other drugs. The questions also touched on neighborhood disord er,

The immortal part by Housman Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The divinity part by Housman - Essay ExampleHousman & Irwins argument in this meter regards sympathetic bones as being immortal, which is contrary to the obvious notion. He skillfully states diverse aspects, for instance, object and soul with a clear elaboration meant to convince his readers to perceive what he deems is immortal.Besides, he also utilizes pessimism to deal his audience to accept his perception (Housman & Irwin 60). This is evident from his expertise of employing high clich introduction then skillfully overturns the ideal argument thus managing to entangle the readers mind (Housman & Irwin 59). Therefore, this leaves one doubting and questioning the already known notion about immortality. His vivid elaboration coupled with sheer comparison with diverse aspects, which comprises human existence aids him to grasp readers attention to extend of some believing him. fit to him, bones bear immortality that has no comparison with even former esteemed lifes immortal aspe cts. He states, Of dying flesh and dying soul (16) where according to him the latters (soul) existence is

Gymnastics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Gymnastics - Essay ExampleLearning, however, is a complex process, the principles of which atomic number 18 not always obvious, thus the need for c arful inspection. By examining these principles we will be in a better position to assess how they faecal matter be applied to physical education.Psychology is about theories as to what leads people to behave in particular ways in different situations. Learning and motivation ar important aspects of human behavior and have been the subject of much research. From the perspective of motor skills, learning arsehole be defined as a relatively permanent change in ability resulting from association and training as a progression from simple to more complex, sophisticated movementsOperant conditioning is a psychological technique for modifying behavior that is particularly relevant to how psychology cigaret be helpful to the educational activity of gymnastics. The technique is defined as a voluntary response that is strengthened or weakene d harmonize to immediately following consequences. Organisms hence have a tendency to repeat those actions that atomic number 18 reinforced in particular ways that result in a change of behavior. Behaviorism, as this approach to learning is called, is ground on those aspects of behavior that are overtly observable. Because behaviorist techniques rely on the observation of explicit actions, they are especially applicable to the teaching of gymnastics.There are various methods by which a behavior can be reinforced of which the most efficacious has proved to be positive (praise) rather than negative (punishment) feedback. affirmative reinforcement are of two main kinds, extrinsic and intrinsic verbal encouragement or privileges are common examples of the former, whereas the latter applies to self-motivated students who receive a sense of fulfilment at achieving success. As students requiring the most fear are those who tend to underachieve and are not always self-motivated, our co ncern will mainly be with extrinsic reinforces as these, when used in the right circumstances, have proved to be advantageous in a number of different ways. An essential aspect of achieving a positive outcome is the breaking bug out of complex tasks into simpler ones that can be translated into graded steps according to the ability of the student. In this regard, motor skills can be decomposed into a series of simple frames that help to pin-point strengths and weaknesses that can be translated into structured programmes for initiating improvement. Programmed learning of this emblem allows the trainee to progress at his/her own rate, and permits learning to be facilitated through positive reinforcement of the targeted behavior in that a correct response will be more likely than an incorrect one. Skills can therefore be programmed to advance through structured hierarchies of tasks that progress from the rudimentary to the complex through successive approximation.In a physical educat ion setting, there are special circumstances to take account of when applying these principles. As individuals are inclined to possess a wide variety of abilities, it is essential that the

People and Organizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

People and Organizations - Essay mannikinAssembly lines were dedicated to the ware of a single thing, implying the development of dedicated machine tools and workers, operating independently rather than as a work team, were responsible for the performance of single tasks within the assembly process. The moment here is that the said philosophy is funding upon the division of a single project/process into its percentage elements and the total dedication of man and machine to the efficient and timely execution of those single tasks.The Fordist production system, as defined in the above, reduced the cost of automobile manufacturing by 90% and led to the evolution of intensity production and the associate mass consumption, and consumer culture. Although incontr all overtibly efficient, however, it was non flexible and led to the accumulation of significant inventories. This, however, does not imply that the Fordist system has passed out of existence since several of its elements hav e been integrated into contemporary organizations and management systems. These elements be lack of specialization, as in workers and employees being able to fulfill a number of tasks if and when required, control over the business processes, efficiency predicated on the division of single projects into its constituent parts, calculability, predictability and, importantly, the organization as an efficient machine.In the final analysis, therefore, while the Fordist system of production may have been replaced by others more compatible with sure requirements and realities, its philosophical elements have survived and have been integrated into organizational management.IIDespite their positive impact upon production and their contribution to the evolution of more efficient and effective organizations, Taylorism and scientific Management were, as a solution of the controversy they inspired, replaced by the humankind relations start out to management. Following a brief overview of bo th, the differences between the deuce approaches shall be elucidated.Scientific management adopts an objective, rational approach to organizational management, such as which decentralizes socio-cultural and human factors and considerations. This approach advocates the division of labor in the production process for the attainment of maximum productivity, even as it insists upon the insulation of the physical from the mental tasks. The aforementioned practices are predicated on the belief that the work process is measurable, in that the componential elements of a single process can be quantified, just as the steps involved in the limit of each can be measured. The implication here is that through the rational quantification of work process steps, the figuring of the time it tales to complete each, the work process can evolve into a semi-automatic and highly efficient phenomenon. Scientific management, as may have been determined from the preceding, marginalizes the human factor, t o the extent of rendering the work process an unaffectionate and routinised one wherein workers are isolated one from the other. Its focus on the rational, leading to its failure to acknowledge the human factor was a source of criticism and controversy. More importantly,

International Trade and Finance Speech Research Paper

International Trade and finance Speech - Research Paper Examplemacro economy. 1. What happens when there is a surplus of imports brought into the U.S.? Cite a specific example of a product with an import surplus, and the impact that has on the U.S. businesses and consumers involved. There atomic number 18 twain common things that happened when there are surplus imports in the US economy namely The domestic producers lean to experience low sales volume and lower incomes (Sherman & Hunt, 2008). This is because imported goods scarper to be sold at lower price in the domestic market than topically manufactured goods (Sherman & Hunt, 2008). On the other hand, locals consumers tend to enjoy low prices charges as imported goods are sold at reduced prices relative to locally manufactured products (Sherman & Hunt, 2008). In above connection, when imports are higher than exports then an economy is said to be experiencing bad balance of care (Lasher, 2010). Examples of products that have a surplus import include oil product, clothes and electronic items (Sherman & Hunt, 2008). It was reported that the US economy imported several barrels of petroleum oil and gases from countries like china Iraq, Japan to name just but a few. This has made the prices of oil to escalate causing vote to the locals (Sherman & Hunt, 2008). ... For example in 2007, exports were 12% while imports were 16% this led to a decrease in gross domestic product growth yard (Economy Watch, 2010). Therefore, International trade affects domestic markets into two major ways namely it uphold to broaden domestic market as more business venture are being set up (Economy Watch, 2010).Secondly, it has led to closure of local markets because they sell their products cheaply than domestic markets (Van & Lewer, 2007). University students like me have been adversely affect by international trade in the sense that there has been a lot of cultural and technical exchange with the foreign students. This has l ed to positive trade balance (Van & Lewer, 2007). 3 How do government choices in regards to tariffs and quotas affect international relations and trade? The application of tariffs and quotas involves placing trade restrictions to the foreign countries on the quantity of imports (Lake & Powell, 1999). Normally, tariffs and quotas are employed by countries in attempt to protect domestic industries, consumers and infant industries (Lake & Powell, 1999). This means that application of quotas and tariffs creates trade barriers between the countries, and therefore, preventing free and fair trade among countries (Lake & Powell, 1999). This may further affect international relationship by creating enemity as trading countries retaliate against each other by placing the same barriers in return (Lake & Powell, 1999). 4 what are foreign exchange rates? How are they determined? Exchange rates refer to the rate at which local currencies are exchanges with foreign countries (Rosenberg, 2003). The rates may determined by the market forces commonly known as demand and supply market forces. Whereby, when there is

The water cycle Essay Example for Free

The peeing cycle EssayThe weewee cycle is a perpetual process in which wet evaporates from the various water bodies, ground levels clouds, descends to the earth as rain or snow and finally reaches the oceans by means of the runoff mechanism (hydrologic cycle, 2002). Storage urine cycle involves vast amounts of water. The earth contains nearly 340 meg cu miles of water. Only three percent of this amount of water locoweed be used for drinking. In other words nearly ninety seven percent of the total volume of water for sale on the earth is in the oceans and therefore salty. However, the water that evaporates does not contain salt and because of this rain water and snow are free of salt. Salt free impudent water is located in glaciers, lakes and rivers. Moreover, res publica water is overly fresh and free from salt. The earth contains nearly 8. 6 million three-d miles of fresh water. The atmosphere always contains at least 2,900 cubic miles of water in vapor. Storage of water in the rivers and lakes in the world is estimated at 29,000 cubic miles. The principle sources of fresh water are the great paired ice caps. Nearly 6. 7 million cubic miles of water is stored in the polar ice caps. irrigate stored in the ground is nigh 2 million cubic miles (Gedzelman, 2005). Evaporation When a phase neuter occurs by which water gets transformed from a liquid to gas, it is known as evaporation. The quantity of water that evaporates unremarkable from the surface of the earth is about two hundred and ninety cubic miles. In the absence of evaporation, ruination would have rendered the atmosphere dry within ten days. The quantity of water that undergoes evaporation is dependent upon various factors like the intensity of the sunlight, plant cover and ground moisture.Evaporation is indirectly proportional to the humidity of the atmosphere. cod to the different climatic zones on the surface of the earth, the rate of evaporation varies from near zero at the pole s to about thirteen feet a year over the Gulf Stream. Evaporation of water is offset by venturesomeness and runoff (Perlman, 2006). Precipitation A phase change that takes place in the atmosphere, whereby water vapor condenses to form clouds and falls on to the earth as rain is known as precipitation. This falling water can be either a liquid as in rain or it can be a solid like snow, ice etceterathe daily average of precipitation that falls on to the earth is of the order of seventy cubic miles. About a third of this precipitated water flows into the rivers and streams, while the symmetry evaporates (Gedzelman, 2005). Runoff Surface runoff occurs when water flows into rivers and streams. On an average about twenty four cubic miles of water is runoff every day. If snow and ice melt rapidly or if any rainwater occurs the result is an overland flow of water. It causes a rapid increase in the water level of a river and this could result in floods.On the other hand, the ground water flow takes place through rocks and the soil. Water from rains and melting snow sweeps through the ground and reaches the water table. Subsequently, this water flows to a water table which is at a lower level. Its speed of flow though only three feet a day is nearly constant (Gedzelman, 2005). Effects of Human Activity Human beings use a lot of water it plays a vital role in their very existence. With the growing population the demand for fresh water is also increasing. A number of methods are used to obtain fresh water, such as irrigation channels, wells etc.Due to the large amount of water being extracted from ground there has been a significant move of water table. In some coastal areas the result has been the forcible entry of sea water. Due to worldwide warming there is a vast change in the earths climate. In several(prenominal) regions of the world the water available is unfit for consumption. All these factors have adversely affect water cycle. In the absence of optimal us age of water there is a serious danger that severe water scarcity could transpire (Robert Carpenter, 2001).ReferencesGedzelman, S. D. (2005). Water Cycle. Microsoft Encarta 2006 (DVD) . Redmond, WA Microsoft Corporation. hydrologic cycle. (2002). Retrieved April 20, 2007, from In The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Houghton Mifflin http//www. xreferplus. com/entry/2446693 Perlman, H. (2006, Aug 28). The water cycle Evaporation. Retrieved April 20, 2007, from http//ga. water. usgs. gov/edu/watercycleevaporation. html Robert, J. , Carpenter, S. R. (2001). Water in a changing world . Issues in ecology , 1027-1045.

Evaluating an Argument Essay Example for Free

Evaluating an Argument EssayIn Gary Bauslaughs screen nil Tolerance, there were five (5) arguments leading to the overall impact of the work. To begin with, Bauslaugh states, The occurrent trend for public officials to address of zero valuation account has arisen because it seems to express public frustration with the overlook of rightness in the world. It seems to say we atomic anatomy 18 fed up and bent going to take it anymore. It tells the world that our resolve, in the face of some problem, is absolute. Second, he proceeds stating, Unfortunately, unmitigated determination, as suggested by the idea of zero allowance account, cease be real scourge to justice.It is too vulnerable to abuse. It preempt be used as a device to justify the thoughtless and undiscriminating application of rules. postal code tolerance expresses a demand for fast results. Third, Bauslaugh stated, Justice is complex and elusive it requires taste and the delicate balancing of interest s and principles it is achieved only through thoughtful and second-rate processes. Fourth, he stated, Many thousands of Ameri deposes, mostly young peck, are sitting in jails because of the zero tolerance indemnity in the so-called war on drugs. Most of these are non real criminals or hardcore drug users.Some of them are addicts, but they need the best and most sensitive care if they are to consecrate hope of being cured. The brutality of prison sentences result not help any of them, nor testament it help make a mend society for the rest of us. And lastly, Bauslaugh stated, Zero tolerance is not slightly protecting the public. It is about making politicians sound tough and it is about helping bureaucrats forefend difficult decisions. It is, indeed, a really bad idea, and we should no longer be fooled by it. In analyzing the arguments stated above their monetary standard forms come about as followsArgument number 1 1. The current trend for public officials to talk of zero tolerance has arisen 2. It seems to express public frustration with the lack of justice in the world. 3. It seems to say we are fed up and arent going to take it anymore. Therefore, it tells the world that the public officials resolve is absolute whenever face up with some problem Argument number 2 1. Unmitigated determination is too vulnerable to abuse. 2. It can be used as a device to justify the thoughtless and undiscriminating application of rules. 3.Zero tolerance expresses a demand for immediate results. Therefore, unmitigated determination can be real threat to justice as suggested by the idea of zero tolerance. Argument number 3 1. Justice requires insight and the delicate balancing of interests and principles. 2. It is achieved only through thoughtful and fair processes. Therefore, justice is complex and elusive. Argument number 4 1. Many thousands of Americans, mostly young people, are sitting in jails because of the zero tolerance policy in the so-called war on dr ugs. 2.Most of these are not real criminals or hardcore drug users. 3. Some of them are addicts, but they need the best and most sensitive care if they are to have hope of being cured. Therefore, the brutality of prison sentences will not help any of them, nor will it help make a better society for the rest of us. Argument number 5 1. Zero tolerance is not about protecting the public. 2. It is about making politicians sound tough. 3. Iit is about helping bureaucrats lift difficult decisions. Therefore, it is a really bad idea and we should no longer be fooled by it.(3) adjudicate the argument using Goviers ARG In the beginning argument, the determine A does not pass for the get-go narrative cannot be rendern true with its present words alone. It is considered as a posteriori synthetic as the subject of the record which is trend cannot be clearly defined by arisen alone. How can one prove that there is really a trend of zero tolerance among public officials? There must all b e a testimony from the officials themselves or even a statement mentioning/hinting it as a common land intimacy.Both the second and the troika statement, however, passes as true as these are both a priori uninflected proven by the defining zero tolerance to be an expression of public frustration with the lack of justice in the world and a statement saying we are fed up ad arent going to take it anymore. The R condition, on the other hand passes. Statements one to three have all the essential evidence to support G. Bauslaugh first introduces zero tolerance in the first statement, and hence defines it with the succeeding two premises. These support how the public officials display an absolute resolve whenever faced with a problem.The G condition has failed in a minor scale for the statement couldve been concluded in a better way. The author couldve stated, It tells the world whenever the public officials are faced with some problem their resolution is absolute. The confusion o f who the our were in the statement is cleared out. In the second argument, condition A passes for the premises have been proven true. The first statement is categorize as a posteriori analytic and is proven true by common knowledge. Unmitigated or absolute determination as far as everybody knows is vulnerable to abuse.Concentrating that power similar that will eventually corrupt the person and he/she may use it for personal will. The second statement is classified as a priori analytic and is proven true by the legal philosophy of excluded middle. The statement is neither true nor is it false. That makes it viable to pass for condition A. On the other hand, the third statement is classified as a priori analytic and is proven true by the law of identity. Zero tolerance was defined as something which demands immediate results. Surely, a man without patience acts on whim to get the conjecture done.All the while, the R condition fails for the evidences lack strength in supporting th e conclusion. The first statement does not relate to the other two and clearly it cannot support the conclusion on its own. The following two statements on the other hand are linked but cannot provide the support for the current conclusion form. Subsequently, the G condition fails as well for the R failed. It wasnt supported well enough by the premises. The third argument passes all the ARG condition. The first statement is proven true by the logics law of identity while the second statement is proven by common knowledge.It is known to people that justice can really be achieved by the fairness of the court and justice is defined as balancing the interests and principles. Both statements are harmonized to give support to the conclusion thus fulfilling the R condition and the G condition. Due to the variety of qualities needed to implement justice, it is proven to be complex and vague. In the one-fourth argument, the condition A fails in a great scale. All of the statements are a pos teriori synthetic and can be proven only by testimony by the authority. The R condition passes if they are seen as a whole.Individually, they cannot support the conclusion. The inductive pattern contributes greatly into the developing the strong conclusion. The G condition passes as well. The R condition was structured well and has provided sufficient evidence to highlight the conclusion. In the last argument,the A condition passes for all the statements are proven by logic, more specifically the law of excluded middle. They are not considered true or false. Such premises are derived only from the authors essay and do not have testimony from authority nor are they considered as common knowledge.Regardless, they are likewise speculated and are not proven to be fallacies. The R condition passes for the statements are constructed greatly. It pointed out how the zero tolerance is harmful to people then to about how this makes politicians sound tough and hoe they can use this to avoid d ifficult decisions. Truly, a magnificent inductive reasoning. The G condition passes on a minor invoice but it couldve been constructed in a more precise way. It could go like, Zero tolerance, with all the injustices laid down, truly is bad for us. We must avoid it

Road to Independence Revolution Essay Example for Free

Road to Independence Revolution EssayWar is when the government tells you who the bad bozo is. Revolution is when you decide for yourself.(Unkn suffer) In the case of the American Revolution, the colonists decided for themselves and truly believed in the cause. The Colonists knew that change had to sway place because of the unfair treatment they experienced. The American Revolution was a time where Colonists fought for what they believed in, independence, and when they broke away from England. Boycotts, retentiveness sex actes, and forming patriotic groups were the three most useful action mechanisms Colonists took, that direct to the American Revolution. The boycotts were an effective action the Colonists took, leading up to the Revolution. During the boycotts, Colonists refused to buy British and European goods in order to protest against the British acts. Aware of the growing opposition, sevens repealed all the Townshend Acts, except the one on tea. As a result, Coloni sts ended their boycotts, and started to trade with British merchants again. a few(prenominal) years later, the Continental carnal knowledge decided to boycott all British goods and trade. No British harvest-home could be brought into or consumed in the colonies, and no colonial goods could be shipped to Britain.To protest the picture Act, thousands of Americans refused to buy British and European goods. They also signed nonimportation agreements in which they pledged not to buy or use goods merchandise from Britain. As a result of boycotts, the Parliament canceled the remaining acts. In addition to the boycotts, Colonists also formed Congresses. Debating Proposals at the Continental Congresses led to the American Revolution. The colonial leaders need to unify the colonies against the British policies, led to the geological formation of congresses. The first congress was the boss Act Congress, assembled in October 1765. The Stamp Act placed tax on almost all printed materials in the colonies everything from newspapers and pamphlets to wills and playing cards. All printed materials had to have a stamp, which was applied by British officials. In October representatives from nine colonies met in New York at the Stamp Act Congress. They sent a implore to the king declaring that only colonial institutes should be allowed to apply taxes. In March 1766, Parliament gave in to the colonists demands and repealed the Stamp Act.In September 1774, 55 men sent as delegates from all colonies except Georgia, to the city of Philadelphia for the off mountain printing Continental Congress. These men had come to establish a political body to represent American interests and scrap British control. In this Congress, the delegates called to repeal 13 acts stating they violate the colonists rights. In addition, they voted to boycott all British goods and trade. angiotensin converting enzyme major decision was to endorse the Suffolk Resolves, which called the people of Suf folk Country, Massachusetts to fight against the redcoats. These armed groups were called militias. On May 10 1775, the Second Continental Congress assembled. That was the first Congress in which independence was discussed. It authorized the printing of money, and set up a post office. It also established committees to communicate with Native Americans and with other countries. Most important, the Congress created the Continental Army to fight against Britain in a more organized way than the colonial militias did. The Congress chose George Washington to be the Armys commander.The Second Continental Congress began to govern the colonies. King George terce refused to receive the Olive Branch Petition a formal request it assured the king of the colonists proclivity for peace. In addition to Congresses, colonists also formed patriotic groups to fight against Britain. Forming patriotic groups was an effective action that led to the American Revolution. Patriots formed two groups to fi ght against the redcoats, the Committees of agreement and the Sons of Liberty. The Son of Liberty was formed to protest the Stamp Act. In 1772, Samuel Adams formed the Committees of Correspondence to form communication between colonies of bad acts by British troops. The Committees of Correspondence spread through tonicity up the colonies, bringing together protesters from all over the colonies.It also circulated writings about British injustice. Colonial leaders used news of the killing in the Boson Massacre as propaganda information designed to influence opinion -against British. As time went by, the group grew much larger than the nine people it started out with. The forming of patriotic groups helped to fight against the redcoats. These patriotic groups, like the Liberty, made Britain colonial officials nervous. Forming these patriotic groups was a major step in gaining Independence.Boycotts, holding Congresses, and forming patriotic groups were the three most effective action s Colonists took leading up to the American Revolution. The Boycotts were an effective action the Colonists took, leading up to the Revolution. Debating Proposals at the Continental Congresses led to the American Revolution. Forming patriotic groups was an effective action that led to the American Revolution. A spirit of Independence became obvious early in the history of the American people. Far from the established rules and limitations they had faced in their home countries, the new settlers began to make their own laws and develop their own ways of doing things.

Marketing Mix Essay Example for Free

trade go EssayBroadly speaking, in order to maximise lolly, different firms use distinct tools to perform strategy and decisions, such as SWOT analysis, PESTEL analysis and merchandise premix analysis. In experimental conditions of the merchandising mix, as an grave concept in the subject of trading studies, it refers to a balance between the four briny elements of marketing is needed to carry out the marketing strategy. It consists of the 4ps harvest-feast, price, progressional material and range (Marcouse and Surridge et al., 2011141). Firms can build an legal marketing strategy by using the marketing mix as a tool, and it is possible that business get out fail if the marketing mix is not correct. The aim of the essay is to analyse elements of the marketing mix. Initially, it will discuss four elements, which be the crossroad, price, place and promotion respectively. Then, it will evaluate the to the highest degree live dowry in the marketing mix, which is the crossing.The first component of the marketing mix is the intersection point. A fruition is a computable or service produced by a business or organization, and made available to the public for ingestion (Ashwin and Merrills et al., 2008). Each intersection point has a different feature, which could be the unique mete outing points of them. Roams and Cota (2008152) attempt to define this term is, A unique selling point (USP) is a short orderment that explains why a node should buy from you instead of your competitorsin. For example, Apple Corporation has a unique and independent operation system for their iPhone.It has been argued that on that point be three trains of product, first of which is core or generic product (Levitt, 1986361). This is the basic and general physical product, in other words, it is the product that has minimum features and the consumer would expect it to have. In a microwave oven example, it should have adequacy space inside to put food and i t would be expected to work effectively. The second level of the product is k immediatelyn as actual or tangible product. This is, touchable and physical property of the product. Young (2008130) suggests this level of product will contain the products name, style, brand name, label, packaging and quality level. This level of product provides a material and a clearer image of the product to customers. The next and last level is called augmented product. loss leader and Kyritsis (199012) explain this product provides privileges and additionalservices to the consumer it overly can reflect the differentiation of the product. For instance, services such as free delivery, discounts and additional purchases.The second element of the marketing mix is price. There are 2 main factors can determine the price of product, which is price elasticity and pricing strategy respectively. Blythe (2012154) examines the elasticity of learn will illustrate that different categories have different ext ent of sensitivity when the price changes. Consequently, it could dish firms shop a better decision when they set the price. Thompson and Machin (200365) support that, a business must know how responsive their products are to price changes so that they can assess the potential impact of, say, special offers or a price increase.The next factor is the pricing strategy. Also, it is more imperative than price elasticity when firms devil their price decisions. Firms use a serious of pricing strategies, however, the pricing method of cost plus is employ most comm nevertheless, which is the basic form of all pricing decisions. It refers to a business calculates the average cost and indeed add a mark-up to the final selling price. Ashwin and Merrills (2008347) point out another price strategy is called preferential pricing this means a firm set different price for different target groups. As the description from Thompson and Machin (200365), discriminatory price refers to different pr ice is charged to different group people at different times. For instance, a cinema charges a different price for students and adults. Besides, it charges different for daytime and even showings as well. In addition, psychology-pricing strategy is also used quite frequently in supermarkets. For example, Morrisons sell a bottle of milk 1.99 rather than 2, hence customers will perceive the price as being lower. Levitt (1986) argues discriminatory pricing mainly relies on emotional responses from the consumer.The third component in the marketing mix is the place. It concerns the way in which a product is distributed. Stimpson (200516) points out the place decision involves making the product or service available toconsumers in the most appropriate way. Distribution channel as the most heavy factor could affect the decision of the place. There are numbers of factors can determine how the product is distributed. Blythe (2012173) suggests one of them is the marketing aim. The increasing scale raised enterprise intends to expand as wide a distribution as possible. Furthermore, legal restrictions should be regarded as well. Stone (2001) states there are numerous products are not permitted to sell in some places. For instance, it is forbidden to sell the alcohol at the petrol station.In general, luff distribution, retailers, wholesalers and agent are four core channels of distribution. Direct distribution is the producers sell products to customers presently without intermediaries. Blythe (2012175) explains this, direct distribution channels are typical of personal services such as hair grease. For retailers, it is an organization that offers goods to customers. Tesco and Wal-Mart, for example. In addition, Koter (2005) describes that, in many market, wholesalers act as a link between producers and consumers. Wholesalers normally buy goods from manufacturers then sell goods to the final consumers or retailers. In contrast, agents do not actually purchase goods the y only help manufacturers to sell. Thompson and Machin (200380) claim that, agent never actually owns a product, they usually connect buyers and sellers and worry the transfer of the good.The final element in the marketing mix is promotion. Promotion is not only advertising but also a communication tool between producers and consumers. promotion is about communication with customers and potential customers (Ashwin and Merrills et al., 2008331). Promotion is essential for a product because it is able to increase the demand for products. Young (2008) suggests promotion can raise emotion, concern or awareness for products or issues. In addition, promotion can nourish and preserve the market share as well.The methods of above the line and beneath the line are both main types methods of promotion. As for above the line promotion, it refers to a firm uses the advertising media but does not has direct control. The most recognizableface of advertising is television. Because of it can provide the introduction of product with colorful images. Wolinski and Coates (2008373) state that, television has the advantage of being memorable, as it can present both moving images and sound. Thompson and Machin (200374) examines the below the line promotion includes promotional media over which the firm has control. For example, personal selling, it means a salesman or a sales team who regularly visits consumers in person.Having introduced each element of the marketing mix, the essay will now evaluate the most crucial element in the marketing mix product.There are deuce principal drives for product as the most important element in the marketing mix. First of all, product as the key component makes the entirely process of the link between customers and producers possible. Amount of sales promotion and price reduction will not help an enterprise to achieve their market target if the product is not appropriate and attractable. Stimpson (200524) agrees with this view that, a ba lance and integrated mix is essential, but without a product that offers customers real and distinctive benefits, even the best-laid marketing plans can be wasted. In the mean time, Kazmi (2007), in her work, selling Management, suggests that the product or service is the most vital element, without a good product, you have nothing. Furthermore, Adcock and Halborg (2001) sustains that the fear of customers will be attracted if a firm can develop a high quality product, hence, the profits that the firm makes will increase. As a result, the potential for business success is significantly enhanced.The second reason is that products enable to decide a firms profits, sales, market share, image, reputation and stature. Additionally, product can also determine the scope and direction of a companys activity. ingathering acts a heart in the whole marketing mix. Most of the scholars support that view. Stimpson (200524) points out that, the product is usually considered to be the most impor tant component of the marketing mix. Stone (2001) believed that in most case the product itself is the key to a successful marketing mix. However, there will be instances that when other components dominatethe marketing mix. Wolinski and Coates (2008346) argues that, At a festival, only one type of bottled water might be available, so the place is the most important factor. In contrast, Baker (1991) claims when consumer with limited money might choose the product with the lower price, this is imputable to consumer has insufficient resources to purchase additional products. In this case, price is the most significant component.To recapitulate, the essay has introduced and analysed four elements product, price, place and promotion in the marketing mix. Marketing mix as a tool is able to help firms make efficient business plan and strategy. Each element is playing a very vital role in the marketing mix. Furthermore, the essay has identified the product is the most crucial part since the product is the key component linking between the producers and consumers. It can be concluded that all the elements in the marketing are essential and necessary, while in the most case, product is the most essential component in the marketing mix. An enterprise should coordinate and integrate the four elements so that the firm can build an efficient marketing strategy and achieves more profits as possible.Reference listAshwin, A., Merrills, S. and Thompson, R. 2008. Collins biz/ed AS business studies. London Collins educational. Baker, M.(1991) Marketing, An Introductory Text, 5th edn. London Macmillan Education Ltd. Blythe, J. 2012. Essentials of marketing. 5th edn. Harlow Pearson.Felina C. Young and Cristobal M. Pagoso. 2008. Principles of Marketing 1st edn. Manila Red Book Store.Kotler, P. 2005. Principles of marketing. 4th edn. Harlow, England Prentice Hall/FinancialTimes.Leader, W. G. and Kyritsis, N. 1990. Fundamentals of marketing. New edn. Cheltenham Stanley Thornes.Levi tt,T. 1986. The Marketing Imagination. New York Free express.Marcouse, I., Surridge, M. and Gillespie, A. 2011. Business studies for A level. Abingdon, Oxon UK Hodder Education.Ramos, A. and Cota, S. 2008. Search Engine Marketing. New York McGraw-Hill.Stimpson, P. 2005. Place. Business Review, 114-16Stimpson, P. 2004. The Product Decision. Business Review, 111-24Stone, P. 2001. Make Marketing Work for you. Oxford How To Books.Thompson, R. and Machin, D. 2003. AS Business Studies.1st edn. London Collins EducationalWolinski, J. and Coates, G. 2008. AQA AS business studies. 2nd edn. Deddington, Oxfordshire Philip Allan Updates.a

Psychology of Racism Essay Example for Free

Psychology of Racism EssayIn 1892, a shoe maker named Homer Plessy from New Orleans Louisiana was arrested for refusing to transfer to a railway system car designated for the dark- sloped population in the East Louisiana Railroad after he sat in a first class railroad car meant for the white-skinned constituents of the state. Plessy appealed that he should be considered white since only 1/8 of him was African American as it was substantiated in his heritage. According to him, by forcing him to transfer to a different car, the authorities were violating the 13th and 14th Amendments of the United States Constitution which impedes slavery and segregation. From local custody to Supreme Court, Plessy was act and accused of civil disobedience (Elliot, 2009). The arbiters of the court exhibited linear cognition which disregarded Plessys plea of infringement of unspoileds and obstinately favored Luoisianas claim that they did not violate such Amendment of the United States Constitut ion since they provoke the right to imply regulations and policies in railroad stations that are within their state.The case was denied of opportunities to be studied sufficiently as the justices esteemed and acknowledged that the act of separating the races under impartial rights should be abided, setting aside the sentiments of the colored inhabitants. II In South Campton County Virginia, a group of African American slaves initiated a rebellion that killed close to 57 white men, women and children before the military forces and a number of armed civilians were able to arrive and pledge control.Angered by the murder of almost more than 50 innocent lives, vigilantes eradicated dozens of slaves who were not voluminous in the insurrection and exiled hundreds of free colored people from their land. The leader of the insurrection was a literate African American slave named Nat Turner who claimed he saw visions of God telling him to commit this act of violence, and with his incompar able power of persuasion, he was able to compel other slaves to join him. After Turners surrender on October 30, 1831, he and his men were executed. (Bernier, 2010)Following the death of Nat Turner, a year of debate relating to the status of the African American slaves close up the Virginia General Assembly. Although it was considered that they should be relieved from their abject duties as slaves, a systematic arrangement for their freedom was neer formed. Nat Turners act of rebellion caused that an anti-literacy law be passed which diminished the African American slaves freedom to communicate and have the opportunity to be educated, thus, almost completely mutilating their already restricted rights.From that historical event which became known as Nat Turners Rebellion or South Campton Insurrection, it can be analyzed that it might not only be a visionary or a delusioned mans whim that caused such barbaric deeds but by chance an act or cry for liberation. Unequal treatment, ensl avement for the rest of a mans life and forced promote for very minimal or no wage at all, these are acceptable factors that can be considered as parts of a motive for the rebellion in South Campton. III In 1803, a British convict settlement was established in a Tasmanian aborigini inhabited island called Van Diemens Land.A total of of 65,000 convicted men and women were settled in the island of which most of them were cruelly traumatized and extremely violent. Due to the incompetent agency of punishment, convicts were able to take flight into the Tasmanian hinterland where they exerted the fullness of their brutality and thirst of blood upon the aboriginis of the island (Turnbull, 1948) symbolically and appropriately, this event in history can be described as a case of baffle as the innocent aborigines were violated of their rights and freedom to live accordingly.Not only were they conquered and treated as slaves in their own land but they were exterminated and murdered like ani mals. They were robbed of their privilege as humans and left their race at the brink of their extinction.References Bernier, C. M. (2010) Slave Heroism in the Transatlantic Imagination. New York Routledge, Taylor Francis Group. Elliot, M. (2009) Color cunning Justice Albion Tourgee and the Quest for Racial Equality from the Civil War to Plessy v. Ferguson. New York Oxford University Press, Inc. Turnbull, C. (1948) Black War The extinguishing of the Tasmanian Aborigines. Melbourne

The Impact of Training and Development on the Employees of the Insurance Sector in Jordan Essay Example for Free

The Impact of Training and Development on the Employees of the Insurance Sector in Jordan EssayThe localise of all aspects of Human Resource Development is on developing the most superior workforce so that the organization and individual employees can accomplish their work goals in service to customers , All employees want to be valuable and re main competitive in the labour market at all times. This can save be achieved through and through employee training and development.Employees will always want to develop career-enhancing skills, which will always head up to employee motivation and retention. There is no doubt that a well-trained and developed staff will be a valuable asset to the company and thereby increasing the chances of his efficiency in discharging his or her duties, so our main focus about the practises of training and development in the insurance sector as it is a really important service sector . And to study the relationship between training and development w ith job bliss and morale among employees , inter personal relationship and customer satisfaction , employee motivation, efficiencies in processes, financial gain , efficiency to adopt new technologies and methods , innovation in strategies and products , employee turnover , company image and productivity. METHODOLOGYWe are difference to examine two of the most well-known companies in Jordan (Arab insurance company and Jordanian insurance company) through a qualitative research , data will be collected through a duet of interviews with some of the employees of the two companies from many managerial levels and by gathering primary information through belles-lettres review from recent journal papers and books. GROUP MEMBERS * Sara khano * Bashar Kafafi * Lama Daas * Eman Khalil * Shireen Shakaa

Why society needs laws Essay Example for Free

Why family needs laws EssayThere are some(prenominal) reasons that the familiarity needs laws. Some deal dont understand the meaning of laws. Well shot what you dont. Why do people waste time to write laws? People should be sufficient to tell between right and wrong. It also depends on what kind of a parson you are.A proficient law would not be strong if it wasnt clear enough to the people or it was unworkable to follow. And also which would not dedicate any thing, which would go against. A bad law would be that people would not understand it and which would be very hard to follow. Other way of seeing if the law is advanced or bad is to see what the consequences are. Some are severely bad or the consequences are really good.People, which come from other societies, have to respect their laws that are in the society. Laws are put in the society to keep it stable and not have chaos around the world. People need to respect the heathenish gaffs of that society. Cultural gaffs are that if you nod your head horizontally that means yes and when you nod your nod your head vertically it means no. In this matter peoples opinion does not matter they have to take bearing of where they are. In some cultures people would let go of your mistakes but that parson has to hear no to do it again.To make a country a better place is to have laws so people can be better than whom they are now. When society is solving any problem, they have to showtime set up priority. First the society is not supposed to put emotions in that problem. Meaning that if its your brother you will let him go. Emotions make things allot difficult for some laws to be implied to the society. Good laws are no made by emotion instead there made on whats right.Without laws society would have allot of chaos. People would not have something to make them stable. Thats why A good law would not be good if it wasnt clear enough to the people or it was inconceivable to follow. And In this matter p eoples opinion does not matter they have to take care of where they are. If you want a good law for the society you need to overcome your emotions and let faith solve whats going to happen.Works CitedWhat makes a bad law. 15 September 2011. 28 october 2013http//pleasecutthecrap.typepad.com/main/2013/05/the-most-effective-politics-lacks-emotion.html .

Martin Luther King Jr’s “Letter from Birmingham Jail” Essay Example for Free

Martin Luther queer Jrs garner from Birmingham Jail EssayMartin Luther King Juniors letter from Birmingham Jail was the reflection upon protest against unsportsmanlike police forces was established against him and his swearing men. Throughout his letter he uses many great philosophers and historical events to justify his own protest to be necessary to do whats advanced. King was the leader of civil-rights group that supported protest against traditional views of the ordination and unsporting laws established in the era. In any nonviolent campaign there are quartet basic steps collection of the facts to determine whether injustices exist negotiation self purification and direct action. ( Taylor)In his letter from Birmingham Jail King states It was il jural to aid and comfort a Jew in Hitlers Germany. withal so, I am sure that, had I lived in Germany at that time, I would have aided and soothe my Jewish brothers. If today I lived in a Communist country where certain pr inciples dear to the Christian faith are suppressed, I would openly advocate disobeying that countrys anti-religious laws (King, 6). Here in this pull shows that King encourages protest because in some extreme circumstances becomes necessary, be it in Hitlers Germany, a Communist country, or any situation in which injustices are occurring. In the end of the sentence King openly admits that he would protest against established laws or traditions by every last(predicate) means necessary because they favour the unjust.The letter was written to his fellow clergymen to explain his prior actions and to attempt justified and appropriate for the situation. He express that he exhausted every other option to justify them. In the letter he tried to explain to the clergy that his actions although illegal were possible and direct action was the only available option left, which could make a difference.One may well ask How can you advocate breaking some laws and obeying others? The answer li es in the fact that there are two types of laws just and unjust. One has not only a legal but a moral certificate of indebtedness to obey just laws. Conversely, one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws. I would agree with St. Augustine that an unjust law is no law at all. Now, what is the difference between the two? How does one determine whether a law is just or unjust? (King, 5). Throughout history, there have been many unjust laws.Many people follow laws just because they are laws. Sometimes people dont even agree with a law, but they go on because its in society acceptable or because its just the law. I think that by writing the letter, and putting forward the definition, King is challenging his readers to consider whether or not a law is just. If a law is unjust, it is the responsibility of the people to get it overturned. A society should not live with an unjust law. By choosing to go against law it shows that king primarily a teleological thinker.In conclusion, King wrote garner from Birmingham City Jail for the purpose of making his audience realize that they are not carrying out our make-up and the Declaration of Independence which is the United States was founded upon. King only wants what should be granted to all United States citizens, this world freedom, justice, and equality. He is saying he is in jail for only doing what is right, by trying to achieve what is right through non-violence and the fact that he is in jail is unjust, does not support equality, and freedom.Work CitedTaylor, Justin. Between deuce Worlds. Martin-luther-king-jr-letter-from-birmingham-jail http//thegospelcoalition.org/. 23 Jan. 2013.

Airport Security Essay Example for Free

Airport Security EssayThe division of homeland security department has spent $40 billion rebuilding the aviation security system since family 11, 2001. Since then aerodrome security has changed drastic eachy, changed the whole worlds attitude towards airport security. The terrorist attack in like manner showed the entire world how easily the old system was to manipulate and how much improvement airports need originally they can truly be considered secure. The attacks forced the airline industry to renew and intone their focus on security.Many airports in the U.S. have introduced ethnic profiling since September 11, 2001 and the evidence shows this method has helped improve airport security. The suspects who have since 9/11/01 been picked up atomic number 18 at least mostly Arabs (Gale Airport Security. opposing Viewpoints Online Collection). Security checks atomic number 18 not intended to embarrass or harm any proboscis they are a needed precaution to protect all pass engers including Muslims. Not only does the TSA keep an eye on airline security around the globe, but also they have many different layers of security in our nations airports.The newest and most controversially is the full tree trunk scanner. These x-ray machines strip a person down to their natal day suit. Airport screeners are now federal employees. People are now having to wait longer to be able to pass thru security line to check in. many travelers get pulled aside for full body searches. There are 40 active full body scanners at 19 different airports, by the end of the year officials would like 500 in place. Today forty five thousand employees are working as passengers screeners in more than four hundred airports around the country. Our upside priority is the safety of the traveling public, and TSA constantly strives to explore and implement new technologies that enhance security and strengthen privacy protections for the traveling public. (TSA Takes Next Steps to Further Enh ance Passenger Privacy.)Though airport security was enforced, there was an other(a) incident. On Christmas December 25,2009, a twenty-three year old Nigerian named Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab attempted to detonate explosives aboard a Northwest Airlines flight traveling from Amsterdam to Detroit, Michigan. Abdulmutallab had hidden credit card explosives in his underwear, which had gone undetected during the passenger screening process. Abdulmutallab had also been identified as having connection to the terrorist administration Al-Qaeda less than two months before the attempted bombing, and his own father had contacted the American embassy in Nigeria to discourage them of his sons extremist beliefs.The only reason the bombingFailed was because abdulmutallab did not properly activate the device, and other passengers aboard the plane subdued him. Two weeks after that incident Obama administration mandated extra scrutiny- including full body pat downs- for people flying into the United S tates from 14 mostly Muslim countries. Under the new rules, all citizens of Afghanistan, Algeria, Lebanon, Libya, Iraq, Nigeria, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Somalia and Yemen must receive a pat down and an extra check of their carry-on bags before embarkation a plane bound for the united states, officials said. Citizens of Cuba, Iran, Sudan and Syria- nations considered state sponsors of terrorism (Airport Security January 6,2010).Airlines are liquid responsible for checking passenger information against government-issued watch lists intended to flag potentially dangerous travelers. Two of the lists are often referred to as the No-Fly (Airport Security January 6,2010) list, are the Terrorist Watch List, (Airport Security January 6,2010) and travelers seem on these lists are subject to more detailed search or in the case of the No Fly list, are denied the ability to travel. We should appreciate that the airport security is making our trip safe and secure. whatsoever inconvenience peo ple feel is unimportant compared with saving lives by preventing terrorist attacks.

English Language Essay Example for Free

slope Language Es theorizeWhy and how is it to watch the incline Language? That would al ship musical mode be the question that side linguistic process learners encounter. Learning the side diction is cardinal in the sense that it drop be habit of goods and servicesd in a weed of useful ways and even unites the humans. How? Let us find out the nitty-gritty of the importance of training the English language as detailed below. I will start the essay with a story that dates back in the year 2000. It was a very special year since the world celebrated the millennium. Al closely each somebody anticipated the coming of that year. Excitement can be felt anywhere in the world.My friend, Julia and I were alert preparing for the year 2000 millennium celebration. We were decorating the dance and meal venue with colorful designs of paper art works. Julia came up to me and asked me if I can still look on his friend, Tom, his long-time chat partner. Tom is an American soldier that Julia met with the internet. I state yes, I can remember him. Julia told me that Tom is coming to the country. I was happy for her. She was happy too yet she told me she had this big, big problem Julia has difficulty expressing herself in English.Yes, Julia and Tom were long-time chat partners but problems to language barriers always grind away as source of mis find outings (very wonderful though that they manage to keep a healthy relationship disrespect that big problem). Having that in mind, I cannot help but remember my own experience with the English Language. Personally, I had difficulty training the English Language, for one because it is not my native language and secondly, in day-to-day activities we use our own language and so there was no chance of learning English if I all rely on my days typical experiences.When I got into school for English, the first lesson if I remember it right is approximately the English Alphabet since it is the most basic approach tow ards learning the English Language. I had difficulty in remembering the Alphabet since there ar 26 of them and as a beginner, everything was unfamiliar. At times when the teacher requires recitation for the alphabets, I would always avoid eye contacts with her because I am panic-struck that I would be called to stand up for the recitation.With my experience learning the English language, I can say that I was forced to do it -forced, because if I read it my own way, I will not blame myself learning a new language. At that time, if I plainly train a way not to attend the English class, I would do so. The teachers during that time ar not so supportive of their students in the English class. English felt like a food that is forcibly fed upon us. They had a succinct understanding of psychology of students as first-timers in the English language class. However since there was a take aim to study English as a language, it encouraged me to attend classes.For me, that neediness was my guiding force and rise to pursue the study of the language even though the experience is unpleasant most of the time. The teachers surely have placed pressures to us students in learning the language. The pressures come in form of examinations meant to determine and measure the fulfilment of how much we have learned in class. The pressure too took in forms of penalties, wherein, we pay fines and dues for every non-English record spoken inside the vicinity of the school. Although, it was a real tough pressure, we get to enjoy the conversation with had with classmates and teachers in English.We laughed at our own erroneous grammars. We as well just laughed when at times we cannot talk with each another(prenominal) basically because we do not know how to say things in English. We were sc ard of the penalty and it would surely apostrophize us our pennies and bills. Learning the English language is basically difficult as I have verbalise earlier for reasons I cited therein. Y es, it is a new knowledge but that fact remains that it is a international language and thus really difficult to learn but as we interact with classmates and teachers and with foreign bring downors who visit the school, we find it amazing on how we are able to clearly deliver the message across.It feels awesome to be understood by foreigners that visit the school. We like the idea of having foreigners around us since we are able to prepare into practice everything we have learned in class. We always had fun in the interactions using English as a medium of communication. I have an idea of what English is like even before when I was younger and those ideas and learnings were reinforced in the classroom. It is actually inevitable not to have basics of English at that time basically because of media proliferation.At times, in our lives even though we were younger, we are exposed to information about issues, movies, advertisements, conversations all these in form of English. So from this, we can conclude that it is only not in the classroom that we learn English since there was a massive exposure of people to various forms of media. In school, we can say that our English teachers taught us about the language but generally, it is the interaction that strengthens the base of our knowledge in English. In school, all we learn are theories.It is through interactions that we learn to hone our skills in English. Motivations for learning English vary (www. antimoon. com). There are those who want to learn English because they need it for international trades such as mainland China and USA international trades. Undoubtedly, communication between these two countries is made convenient through China knowing how to cover English especially so that they are exporting their products in mainland USA. Others went to school for English basically because they wanted to study in English-speaking countries such as Australia, United Kingdom and the USA.Others are motivated to stu dy the language to expand network of connections. Personally, I studied English not only because it is a requirement but also because of motivating factors I have mentioned above. Having studied English, I am able to trade with people around the world even if we are miles and oceans apart. I am also able to pursue higher forms of education basically because almost all textbooks that are used are in English. And undoubtedly, I am able to expand my set of connections through the English language.I have a lot of friends in other countries that at times I run to when I need some advice. When I got my certification in English I was hired as a unavowed tutor to teach Koreans and Chinese the English language. At first, it is really difficult but at the same(p) time challenging because I am given the task to open the minds of these people into the English language and I also foresaw that it will be my honor and pride to see these people prosper because of the English language. When I first stepped into the classroom, the number of non-English speaking students is overwhelming.But I carried with me the commitment to be able to bear what I have learned about the English language to them. I received a lot of negative comments as like me before, they are having difficulty. It was as if I relived my own experience in learning the language, only this time, I am no longer a student but a teacher. The good of me becoming an English teacher is that I know what these students are going through and I understand it very well. I know what their concerns are and I know what they need in order for them to learn the English language the easy and pleasant way.I am able to address each and every concern that a non-english speaking student has basically because I have been to their stage. As a teacher, I have realized that the best learning and teaching method to employ is exposure and interaction. Yes, the basics are still important for the technical side of the English language but nothing parallels the effectiveness of learning than exposure and interaction. This is the very reason why most of my students activities are group and interactive activities.Trust me, this is a very effective method. As they say language and culture are intertwined. Yes this is very true as culture, beliefs and practices are mostly transmitted through the use of language. For example, you notice that Australians wear the tuxedo in ceremonial make. Now, a non-english speaker would ask (act of use of language), why do they wear tuxedos in special occasions? This examples depicts of how well a culture or a way of life is transmitted through the use of language particularly in our case, the English Language.In a study, English language is not the most spoken language but statistically speaking, it is the most distributed language around the world (O Niel, 2007). This means that anywhere we go, the probability of people having an idea of English or even knowing how to speak English i s high. This possibly the reason why especially in Asian countries like Japan, China and Korea industriously find ways and means to learn the English language as they can see the overwhelming advantages of knowing the language. wise to(p) the language can not only mean culture transfer but can also mean technology transfer which is still very much related to culture. By knowing how to speak English, especially in Australia, we are able to access movies and television shows that as we continue to watch, alter the way we behave, think and act. This is what we call culture assimilation through the use of language. In a recent study, the English language has long been dominating the world, in fact most of the journals published are in English. nearly books authored by scientists and educators are in English.The impact of this is that if everybody knows how to speak English development in our economy, finance and customary relations will be upheld in the most convenient manner. And mo st importantly, in the world near of chaos and war, who can tell that the English language may serve as a centripetal catalyst of the world to further the understanding of each nation and result in what is long been dreamt world peace, a world that would shelter and cultivate the human generation in the next decade, century and millennium to come such as how Tom and Julia find the love in each other through the English Language.

Outline the clinical characteristics of depression

Outline the clinical characteristics of falling offThe clinical symptoms of depression atomic number 18 characterised by an all-encompassing sadness, composed of a remarkably broad govern of feelings, thoughts, and somato inherit fitting manifestations. These let in low ego-consciousness, suicidal thoughts, pessimism, and feelings of dejection and hopelessness. Most sufferers will experience sleep mental disorder and a loss of appetite and libido. All of these symptoms atomic number 18 usually accompanied by overwhelming tiredness, a lack of interest or enjoyment, guilt feelings, crying spells and friendly withdrawal. Other common features argon psychomotor retardation (general slowing d testify corporally), loss or motivation, and feelings of inadequacy and helplessness. thither is often a diurnal mood variation (sufferers whitethorn feel worse either in the mornings or in the evenings). fool table below for a more(prenominal) detailed explanation of the demeanors as sociated with depression.AffectivePhysiologicalCognitive behaviouralAngerAbdominal painAmbivalenceAggressivenessAnxietyAnorexiaConfusionAgitationApathyBackache inability to concentrateAlcoholismBitternessChest painIndecisivenessAltered activity level self-control of feelingsConstipationLoss of interest and motivationDrug addictionDejectionDizzinessSelf shootIntoleranceGuiltFatigueSelf- depreciationIrritabilityHelplessnessHeadacheSelf- destructive thoughtsLack of spontaneousnessHopelessnessImpotencePessimismOverdependenceL whizzlinessIndigestionuncertaintyPoor in-person hygieneLow self-esteemLassitudePsychomotor retardationSadnessMenstrual changesTearfulnessSense of personal worthlessnessunwellnessUnderachievementSexual non responsivenessWithdrawalSleep disturbancesVomitingWeight changesGive two or more physiological causes of depressionThe cognitive patternOf the causes of depression proposes that pile experience symptoms of depression because their thinking is disturbed. impri nt is a cognitive problem that is dominated by the persons prejudicious evaluation of themselves, their world and their future. In the crinkle of their development certain experiences sensitize the individual and make them vulnerable to depression. They besides acquire a intent to make extreme, absolute judgments loss is viewed as irrevocable and indifference as total rejection.The depression inclined person is analogously to explain an adverse event as a personal shortcoming. The deserted maintain believes she left me because Im unlovable. Instead of considering the an separate(prenominal) possible alternatives, much(prenominal) as personality incompatibility, the wifes stimulate problems, or her feelings towards him. As he focuses on his personal deficiencies, they expand to the point where they completely dominate his self concept. He quarter think of himself only in a negative mood and is unable to acknowledge his other abilities, achievements, and attributes. This negative set is rein raged when he interprets ambiguous or neutral experiences as additional proof of his deficiencies. Comparisons with other great deal further lower his self-esteem. And thus every encounter with others becomes a negative experience. His self-criticisms increase as he views himself as deserving of blame. (Beck)In the cognitive model of depression, it is thought that many cases develop done early heart experiences, where pargonnts soak up been excessively critical, the child whitethorn internalise the impact rule that universe valued only comes from perfect per trackance. This assumption may become potential or silent during move of adult life, where any endeavours are met with a reasonable degree of success. Thus, prior to adequate depressed, the person had by unrelenting hard word, managed to live up to the excesses of their conditional belief however, any notable failures activate the latent assumption and the person becomes sensitised to any signs of falling short of their perfectionist standard.A common factor that interferes with the finish of the cognitive model apparently disparate presentations of persistent depression is turning away. In persistent depression avoidance squeeze place serve to mask negative thinking patterns or inhibit the effect of negative thoughts on mood. On occasions, negative thinking may be overt or apparent due to such avoidance. Pinpointing such avoidance in persistent depression is often prerequisite to identifying negative thoughts.The behavioural modelThe behavioural explanation of the causes of depression is based on the view that abnormality is seen as the result of instruction from the environment. In other words depression is a response to life experiences and markors. Disturbances of mood are a specific response to stress. in that respect are two major types of stress that a person may experience. The first is the stress of major life events that are evident to others. The second type of stress may not be obvious at all to others, but it is the minor stress or irritations of periodical life. These are the small disappointments, frustrations, criticisms, and arguments that when accumulated over beat and in the absence of compensating positive events produce a major and chronic negative impact. It is appropriate, therefore, to examine in more detail virtually of the sources of life stressors that may produce disturbances of mood. Four such, sources include major life events, roles, coping resources, and physiological changes. Major life events (Holmes and Rahe) did the pioneering formulate in this area with the development of social readjustment rating scale.Rank vitality event implicate value1Death of spouse1002Divorce733 matrimonial separation654Jail term635Death of c sustain family outgrowth636Personal injury or ailment537Marriage508Fired at work479Marital reconciliation4510Retirement4511 castrate in health of family member4412 pregnancy4013Sex diffi culties3914Gain of new family member3915Business readjustment3916 salmagundi in financial state3817Death of close friend3718 salmagundi to different line of work3619Change in number of arguments with spouse3520Mortgage over 10,0003121Foreclosure of mortgage or loan3022Changes in responsibilities at work2923Son or daughter leaving home2924Trouble with in-laws2925Outstanding personal achievement2826Wife begin or remain work2627Begin or end school2628Change in living conditions2529Revision of personal habits2430Trouble with chief2331Change in work hours or conditions2032Change in residence2033Change in school2034Change in recreation1935Change in church activities1936Change in social activities1837Mortgage or loan less than 10,0001738Change in sleeping habits1639Change in number of family get- togethers1540Change in eat habits1541Vacation1242Christmas1242 small-scale violations of the law11The scale ranks important life events and assigns a specific value to each one on the basis of the amount of coping behaviour needed by the individual to deal with the event. As the score of the mean value increases, the likelihood of an indisposition increases.The behavioural model overcomes the ethical issues raised by the medical model of labelling nighone as ill or abnormal, instead the model concentrates on behaviour and whether it is adaptive of maladaptive. Those who support the psychodynamic model, however, claim the behavioural model focuses only on symptoms and ignores the cause of abnormal behaviour they claim that the symptoms are merely the tip of the iceberg, the outward expression of deeper underlying emotional problems.Coping resources Life stress may alike engineer the form of inadequate coping resources. Personal resources available to individuals include their socioeconomic status (income, occupation, social position, and education), families (nuclear and extended), interpersonal networks, and the secondary organizations provided by the broader social e nvironment. The far-ranging effects of poverty, discrimination, inadequate housing, and social isolation cannot be ignored or taken lightly.Physiological changes Disturbances in mood may also occur as a response to physiological changes produced by drugs or a wide mixture of physical illnesses. Drug- induced depressions have been noted to occur following treatments with various antihypertensive drugs and the abuse of addictive substances, such as amphetamines, and barbiturates. Depression may also occur, secondary to a wide variety of medical illnesses, for physical exercise viral infections, nutritional deficiencies, endocrine disorders, anaemias, and central nervous system disorders, such as multiple sclerosis, tumours, and cerebral vascular disease.Evaluate psychodynamic therapy in treatment of depression in terms of its strengths and weaknessPsychodynamic therapy is a generic term that embraces all those therapies of an analytic nature. Probably the majority of psychodynamici sts adhere to work and teaching of Freud. only if also in this multitude you will find therapy based on ideas of various other psychologists including Jung and Adler.In this type of therapy, the healer keeps his own personality out of the picture. This vital aspect of psychodynamic psychotherapy and it enables the therapist to be like a blank canvas onto which uncomplainings can transfer and project deep feelings round themselves, their parents and other significant bulk in their life.It is then up to the therapist to handle all the feelings and information that emerge, to stepwise help patients to deal with all this baggage. In this way the therapists helps patients gain a better understanding of what their disturbances are and how their mind works. The term psychodynamic refers to a group of explanations that try to account for the dynamics of behaviour i.e. the forces that motivate behaviour. Freuds radical surmisal was that depression does not have a physical cause, but instead arises from unresolved, unconscious conflicts which form in early childhood. This model is based on Freuds theory of psycho cozy development. A child passes through a series of delivers (oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital) if there is a major conflict at any of these forms, the child can spend an unusually long time at that developmental point in time (called fixation) if and adult experiences great personal problems, he or she will tend to show regression (going backwards through the stages of psycho informal development) to the stage at which he or she had previously been fixated. The prime goal of therapy is to enable patients to gain access to their subjugate ideas and conflicts, and to encourage them to face up to whatever pops out from the unconscious mind. Freud initially used hypnosis as a means of accessing repressed memories but later turned to the analysis of dreams and technique of free association, where a leaf node is encouraged to say the first th ing that comes in to his or her mind. The strengths of psychodynamic therapy is that it identifies traumatic childhood experiences as a factor in the development of depression in later life.A weakness of this type of therapy is that the therapist may appear disinterested in the clients current problems. A depressed patient wants to talk about themselves now as opposed to then. Another weakness to the Freudian approach is that it tends to focus too oftentimes on sex, and does not emphasise the importance of interpersonal and social factors in causing and maintaining depression. A patient must have the right to approve or disapprove of any treatment programme and a depressed patient may well have fears and doubts about laying their soul to bear to a stranger. Another ethical implication of this type of therapy is that patients may not take any responsibility for their illness depends on unconscious processes over which they have no control. In addition, the idea that adult mental ill ness is based in childhood experiences implies that parents are at least incompletely to blame. Is it ethical to cause trauma to parents by suggesting that they are responsible for their childs mental illness?Serious ethical issues are raised by numerous recent cases of false memory syndrome, where patients in therapy have made allegations about childhood physical or sexual abuse which may or may not be true. Freud believed that men and women have their own biologically determined sexual natures, and depression can develop when the natural course of their sexual development is thwarted. This notion is ethically dubious, as it ignores cultural differences in sexual attitudes and behaviour.Outline the clinical characteristics of schizophrenic disorderAlthough the popular concept of split personality is still common the reality of Schizophrenia is far more complex. The two nearly frequently found elements of the illness are delusions and hallucinations.Bizarre delusions are common. The content of these delusions is plainly absurd and has no possible basis in fact, such as delusions of being controlled, thought transmit or thought insertion. Suffers often report grandiose or religious delusions or beliefs about themselves having physical symptoms which do not in fact exist. They may feel persecuted or irrationally jealous. A curiously distressing symptom consists of auditory hallucinations in which either a voice keeps up a zip commentary on the individuals behaviour of thoughts, or two or more voices converse with each other.To the outlander the sufferer may appear incoherent, blinded or even catatonic. There is a marked downslope from their previous level of mathematical functioning in such areas as work, social relations and self care. infra is a list of symptoms from American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, terce edition, Washington, D.C, APA, 1980.Social isolation or withdrawalMarked impairment in rol e functioning as wage earner, student, or homemakerMarked peculiar behaviour (e.g., collecting garbage, talking to self in public, or hoarding food)Marked impairment in personal hygiene and groomingBlunted, flat, or unlike affectDigressive, vague, over elaborate, circumstantial, or metaphorical speechOdd or bizarre ideation, or wizard(prenominal) thinking, e.g., superstitousness, clairvoyance, telepathy, sixth sense, others can feel my feelings, overvalued ideas, ideas of referenceUnusual perceptual experiences, e.g., recurrent illusions, sensing the presence of a force or person not actually present.Give two or more psychological (psychodynamic/behavioural/cognitive) expiations of SchizophreniaPsychodynamicPsychoanalytical theory states that Schizophrenic behaviour results when the self can no endless withstand the pressures emanating from the id and from external reality. The ego of the psychotic person struggles to escape with stress because of serious deficiencies in the k inship in the midst of the person as a child and his mother. When the person is anxious and stressed he employs ego defence mechanisms in an unhealthy way in an effort to control unacceptable impulses and thoughts. Take for example a man or woman with paranoid delusions. So much psychic energy is invested in holding down these terrible thoughts and impulses that there is little energy left to deal with normal periodical living. The person withdraws from usual activities and has difficulty maintaining basic physiological needs such as nutrition and hygiene. If stress and anxiety gets even worse, ego functioning may deteriorate further, and the person will be flood with frightening thoughts and impulses. As ego identity disintegrates communicating is confused and garbled, and the person is alone in their own world.According to Freud, schizophrenia is a form of regression, back to the oral stage of development the oral stage is the first stage of psychosexual development. A baby is born a bundle of id, is self luxurious and concerned only with a satisfaction of their needs. There is a need gratify these impulses but their experiences in the real world result in conflict, people with schizophrenia are overwhelmed by anxiety because their egos are not strong enough to cope with id impulses in schizophrenia, this can lead to self indulgent symptoms such as delusions, such as hearing voices which may have an ultimate authority.It has been suggested that schizophrenia has a psychosomatic cause the origin is solely in the mind. At best it could only be a partial explanation of some symptoms, e.g. delusions. In reality Freud is disavowing the experience of patients with schizophrenia, it is unscientific and extremely difficult to test. Concepts such as repression are difficult to observe and measure, although this difficulty does not invalidate the theory. The theory is based on unrepresentative samples, case studies, from which it is difficult to generalise. The t heory fails to account for gender differences the onset for males is around 20 years, and for females 30 years. Nor does the theory explain why, prior to diagnosis, their behaviour has appeared normal. Furthermore, it also excludes considerations of the environment.A concise explanation of Schizophrenia was given by O.A. Will in his 1961 study ofHuman relatedness and the schizophrenic reaction. The expression of complicated patterns of behaviour adopted by the organism in an effort to deal with a gross inadequacy in relating to other humans.The behavioural explanationSchizophrenia can evolve as the results of various experiences that influence the growth of the individual. In closely instances a series of life events predisposes the individual to difficulty with interpersonal relationships. The family is the unit within which the first experiences with closeness to others take place. Lack of maternal stimulation or attention deprives the infant of a sense of auspices and there is failure to establish basic trust. This can lead to a suspicious attitude toward others that may continue throughout life. The quality of mothering attention is also important. A child may be adequately fed and receive impeccable physical care but without any communication of maternal caring. A child who is treated like an object may well become an adult who treats others like objects.Family communication patterns may also be stressors leading to disruptions in relationships. Patients with a medical diagnosis of schizophrenia are frequently members of families with identifiably disturbed communication patterns.Relationship problems frequently become manifest in the characteristic behaviour of one family member. This deviant behaviour develops when the family is subjected to intolerable levels of stress. A family member who actscrazy may serve the function of keeping the family system intact.For example, if there is a family rule that hostility is never expressed directly between fa mily members, and the parents are involved in a conflict which they may not confront, tension will chassis up within the family system. One of the children may respond to this tension by acting crazy and perform destructive acts in the home.Evaluate cognitive behavioural therapies in the treatment od schizophrenia in terms of its strengths and weaknessCognitive behavioural therapy is a kind of psychotherapy which aims to change the way that people think about their problem and thus alters the effects of the problem itself. One specific example is stress inoculation training, which is a technique to reduce stress through the use of stress management techniques, and self statements that aim to restructure the way the person thinks. A second example is increasing hardiness, which is building up in the patient a cluster of traits possessed by those people best able to cope with stress.The main strength of C.B.T in the treatment of schizophrenia is that it gives more spot, choice, and responsibility for their treatment to a group of patients who have traditionally had things done to them, for example in the form of medication, social skills training and even ECT. There is no doubt that distorted and irrational beliefs and this treatment targets abnormal thinking. The purely cognitive approach grew out of dissatisfaction with the behavioural model and its emphasis on purely external factors. It emphasised internal mental influences and the power of the individual to shape their own thinking. Recently the two approaches have been integrated, so CBT treatment deals with maladaptive behaviours as well as distorted thoughts and beliefs.The weakness of this therapy is that it can be seen as rather limited genetic factors are ignored, and not much attention is paid to the role of social and interpersonal factors or of individuals life experiences in producing schizophrenia.Discuss the ethics of cognitive behavioural therapyBecause the cognitive approach to therapy conce ntrates on the concept that mentally ill people have distorted thoughts and beliefs, it follows that sufferers of schizophrenia may feel that their illness is their own fault. This raises some ethical issues. Patients will be even more stressed if they have to take responsibility for their illness. It is unsporting to blame patients for being ill, because their families may be mainly responsible, since it may be that maladaptive experiences in due date are based in childhood experiences, over which the sufferer has no control. It is even more salient(ip) to understand that the negative thoughts and beliefs of patients could be rational, and reflect the awful circumstances of the way they live in other words, if the patient feels blame they are unlikely to contemplate change.Outline the characteristics of one have disorder(Bruch .H. The florid cage the enigma of anorexia nervosa 1978) Perception is also an important aspect of the behaviour of young people with anorexia nervosa. These people perceive that they are fat and literally starve themselves to achieve their goal of being thin. However, because of the distortion in proboscis image that they experience, the goal is unattainable. Even when emaciated to the point that their appearance is skeletal, they will maintain that they are fat and persist in their attempt to lose cant.Bruch describes the typical anorexic process as generator with a diet. Initially, the dieter experiences a sense of deprivation and difficulty in maintain the restrictions. However, she then enters a stage of pride in her accomplishment and this perpetuates the behaviour. At the same time, biological effects of starvation cause distortions in perception of body sensations. There is a heightening of sensory experience and a feeling that has been compared to intoxication. As the condition progresses, the patient begins to feel special and different because of her superhuman effort and extraordinary accomplishment. These results in her frenzy and isolation from others who fail to understand her behaviour and its meaning to her. She is then becomes increasingly absorbed in her own world and her behaviour assumes even greater importance to her.Anorexia nervosa is really a misnomer. Anorexia means lack of appetite. peck with anorexia nervosa do experience hunger, and it is the victory over hunger that provides their reward. Anorexics are often fascinated with food and cooking, becoming students of nutrition. They may compulsively loiter in places where food is sold or served and watch other people eat. Their life becomes centred on food and the avoidance of eating. Anorexics go to extremes to avoid charge gain. They will induce vomiting, take diuretics and laxatives, and exercise strenuously. Many other physical changes are common in anorexic women, including amenorrhea (periods stopping), lanugo (extra body hair especially facial), and bradycardia (heart problems).Another eating disorder that is similar in s ome respects to anorexia nervosa is bulimia. The bulimic person experiences episodes of binge eating, frequently followed by vomiting. Binge eating is compulsive intake of food that is stop only when the person vomits, experiences pain runs out of food, or is interrupted. It is differentiated from anorexia nervosa by the fact that severe weight loss is not generally seen and the individual is well aware that their behaviour is abnormal. Bulimics are usually able to maintain a more normal weight by alternating binging and vomiting or by eating very little between binges.Give two or more psychological explanations of eating disordersPsychodynamicEating disorders usually begin in adolescent girls (90% of sufferers are female). This may suggest that this coincides with the onset of sexual development and sexual fears. Psychodynamic theorists have suggested that an adolescent girl may be terrified by their own feelings of sexual desire, or a fear of becoming pregnant, or even (and this m ay seem implausible but is based on ignorance of the facts of life) of a fear of becoming pregnant by oral sex. If eating is mentally links in adolescent to getting pregnant, then starving herself will prevent pregnancy. It also stops menstruation so ovulation stops so no pregnancy.Another psychodynamic explanation of eating disorders is that some adolescent girls are afraid of growing up and have an unconscious desire to remain pre-pubescent. If they lose a lot of weight their bodies will not develop normally and they can hang on to the belief that they are still children.Finally, some patients who present with eating disorders were victims of sexual abuse as children. consequently they hate their bodies and may even self-harm.There is a theory, supported by Minuchin, Roseman, and Baker (1978) that eating disorders may be firmly rooted in family dynamics. The term enmeshment is used to describe a family where there is no space for the personal independence of the child family mem bers all seem to do everything together. Adolescence should be a time when the child develops their independence. If they cannot do this the anorexic adolescent may rebel by refusing to eat. Families which are enmeshed like this find it difficult to sort out conflicts (Minuchin et al.1978). In the theory of psychodynamics such families create anxiety. This is where ego-defences come in parents unable to cope with their anxiety put the blame (unconsciously) on the anorexic child herself. Parental conflicts are common in families of both anorexics and bulimics (Kalusy, Crisp, and Harding 1977). This research came to the conclusion that families with an anorexic child tend to be ambitious, to deny or ignore conflicts, and blames other people for their problems.BehaviouralThe psychological theory of classical conditioning teaches us a great deal about the development of anorexia. These sufferers associate eating with anxiety they associate losing weight with avoiding bad thoughts and fe elings (Leitenberg, Agras, and Thompson (1968)). The other relevant psychological theory is operant conditioning. The anorexic gets pleasure from gaining attention. It is also recognize or re-enforcing because slim people are considered more attractive than fat ones. Similarly, there is a behavioural explanation of bulimia. When a bulimic binges it causes them anxiety, so when they vomit they revise the situation and their anxiety is reduced. This reduction in anxiety makes the person feel better, so the cycle of bingeing followed by vomiting is maintained. (Rosen and Leitenberg 1985).Discuss the ethics of behavioural therapiesThe term is used when considering moral behaviour among professionals, such as behavioural therapists. Certain things may be less acceptable than others, but if the ultimate end is for the good of the patient, then we may feel than an unenviable behaviour is acceptable. A psychiatric ward full of patients with eating orders can be one of the most depressing places on earth. Behavioural therapy usually involves giving patients targets and rewards regarding their consumption of food and drink. Patients with eating disorders can be distressed, stubborn, and frightened the behavioural programmes developed for their recovery are often unwelcome and in themselves cause anxiety.There are major ethical issues occurring on a daily basis can staff force people to eat against their will? What of the rights of these individuals to be treated in a caring and respectful way? I doubt that loss of privileges constitute a caring and respectful way of helping a disturbed patient who refuses to eat. The issues of informed consent and the protection of patients from harm are huge points of conflict in the therapeutic treatment of people with eating disorders.